Classification Of Pumps

Deciphering the World of Pumps: A Classification Guide for Mechanical Engineers

Pumps, the unsung heroes of many industrial processes, are essential for moving fluids from one point to another. Understanding the different types of pumps and their classifications is crucial for choosing the right tool for the job. While various classifications exist based on application, material, or handled fluid, a more fundamental and comprehensive approach focuses on the energy transfer mechanism.

This article dives into the core classification system used in mechanical engineering, dividing pumps into two primary categories: dynamic and displacement.

Dynamic Pumps:

• Energy transfer: Continuous energy addition to increase fluid velocity. This increased velocity is subsequently converted into pressure as the fluid slows down within or beyond the pump.
• Subcategories:
  • Centrifugal pumps: The most common type, using a rotating impeller to impart velocity to the fluid. They are further categorized based on impeller design (radial, mixed flow, axial), number of stages (single, multi-stage), and other factors.
  • Other special-effect pumps: Include axial flow pumps, mixed flow pumps, and jet pumps, each operating on a specific principle of fluid velocity manipulation.

Displacement Pumps:

• Energy transfer: Periodic energy addition through the movement of a boundary, directly increasing the pressure within a confined volume of fluid.
• Subcategories:
  • Reciprocating pumps: Use reciprocating pistons or plungers to displace the fluid, common examples being piston pumps, diaphragm pumps, and plunger pumps.
  • Rotary pumps: Employ rotating elements like gears, screws, or vanes to displace the fluid, including gear pumps, screw pumps, vane pumps, and lobe pumps.

Beyond the Basics:

This basic classification serves as a foundation for understanding pump operation and selection. Further detailed information on specific pump types, their working principles, and applications can be found in specialized literature and engineering handbooks.

By mastering the fundamental classification system, engineers can navigate the vast world of pumps with confidence, selecting the most appropriate type for their specific needs and ensuring efficient and reliable fluid handling in any industrial application.