في عالم إدارة المشاريع الديناميكي، فإن إدارة التعقيد هو مفتاح تحقيق النجاح. أحد الأدوات القوية التي تساعد مديري المشاريع على التخطيط الفعال وجدولة المشاريع المعقدة هو تقنية تقييم البرنامج ومراجعة المخطط (PERT).
تم تطوير PERT في الخمسينيات لبرنامج صواريخ بولاريس، وهي تقنية لتخطيط وإدارة مشاريع معقدة ذات مدد أنشطة غير مؤكدة. تكمن قيمتها الأساسية في توفير إطار عمل لـ:
كيف يعمل PERT:
فوائد استخدام PERT:
قيود PERT:
في الختام:
PERT هي أداة قيمة لإدارة المشاريع المعقدة، لكن من المهم فهم قيودها. عند استخدامه بفعالية، يمكن أن يساعد PERT مديري المشاريع على إنشاء خطط قوية، وتخفيف المخاطر، وتحقيق أهداف المشروع في غضون الجدول الزمني المخطط له.
Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.
1. What does PERT stand for? a) Program Evaluation and Risk Technique b) Project Evaluation and Review Technique c) Program Evaluation and Review Technique d) Project Evaluation and Risk Technique
c) Program Evaluation and Review Technique
2. What is the primary purpose of PERT? a) To estimate project costs. b) To identify and manage project risks. c) To plan and manage complex projects with uncertain activity durations. d) To allocate resources efficiently.
c) To plan and manage complex projects with uncertain activity durations.
3. Which of the following is NOT a time estimate used in PERT? a) Optimistic b) Pessimistic c) Probable d) Most Likely
c) Probable
4. What is the critical path in a PERT network diagram? a) The sequence of tasks with the shortest combined duration. b) The sequence of tasks with the longest combined duration. c) The sequence of tasks that are most likely to be completed on time. d) The sequence of tasks that are most likely to be delayed.
b) The sequence of tasks with the longest combined duration.
5. Which of the following is a limitation of PERT? a) It can only be used for small projects. b) It requires highly accurate time estimates. c) It is not flexible enough to accommodate changes in project requirements. d) It does not consider the impact of resources on project completion.
c) It is not flexible enough to accommodate changes in project requirements.
Scenario: You are the project manager for a new software development project. The project has been broken down into the following tasks, with their estimated optimistic (O), pessimistic (P), and most likely (M) durations:
| Task | O (days) | M (days) | P (days) | |---|---|---|---| | Task A | 5 | 8 | 12 | | Task B | 3 | 5 | 7 | | Task C | 2 | 4 | 6 | | Task D | 6 | 10 | 14 | | Task E | 4 | 7 | 10 | | Task F | 1 | 2 | 3 | | Task G | 3 | 5 | 7 |
Dependencies:
Instructions:
**1. Expected Task Durations (TE):** | Task | O (days) | M (days) | P (days) | TE (days) | |---|---|---|---|---| | Task A | 5 | 8 | 12 | 8 | | Task B | 3 | 5 | 7 | 5 | | Task C | 2 | 4 | 6 | 4 | | Task D | 6 | 10 | 14 | 10 | | Task E | 4 | 7 | 10 | 7 | | Task F | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | | Task G | 3 | 5 | 7 | 5 | **2. Network Diagram:** [Insert a network diagram here, representing the project dependencies as described in the exercise.] **3. Critical Path and Project Duration:** * **Critical Path:** A -> B -> C -> D -> F -> G * **Total Expected Project Duration:** 8 + 5 + 4 + 10 + 2 + 5 = **34 days**