الجير، وهو مصطلح عام يشمل الحجر الجيري المطحون (كربونات الكالسيوم) والجير المائي (هيدروكسيد الكالسيوم) والجير المحروق (أكسيد الكالسيوم)، يلعب دورًا حاسمًا في العديد من تطبيقات معالجة البيئة والمياه. تنبع تعدد استخداماته من قدرته على تغيير الرقم الهيدروجيني، وإزالة الملوثات، والمساهمة في عمليات التخثر والترسيب.
1. الحجر الجيري المطحون (كربونات الكالسيوم):
2. الجير المائي (هيدروكسيد الكالسيوم):
3. الجير المحروق (أكسيد الكالسيوم):
مزايا استخدام الجير:
الاعتبارات:
الاستنتاج:
الجير، بأشكاله المختلفة، هو عنصر أساسي في العديد من عمليات معالجة البيئة والمياه. تعدد استخداماته وفعاليته وتكلفته المنخفضة نسبيًا تجعله أداة قيمة لتحسين جودة المياه وحماية النظم البيئية وضمان الممارسات المستدامة. من خلال فهم أنواع الجير المختلفة وتطبيقاتها المحددة، يمكننا تسخير إمكاناته لخلق بيئة أكثر نظافة وصحة.
Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.
1. Which of the following is NOT a form of lime used in environmental and water treatment? a) Ground limestone (calcium carbonate) b) Hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) c) Burned lime (calcium oxide) d) Quicklime (sodium hydroxide)
d) Quicklime (sodium hydroxide)
2. What is the primary application of ground limestone in water treatment? a) pH adjustment b) Softening c) Coagulation and flocculation d) Filter media
d) Filter media
3. Hydrated lime is commonly used for which of the following in wastewater treatment? a) Removal of dissolved organic matter b) Removal of phosphorus c) Removal of heavy metals d) All of the above
d) All of the above
4. Which of the following is a major consideration when using lime in water treatment? a) The cost of lime b) The availability of lime c) The potential for sludge production d) The effectiveness of lime
c) The potential for sludge production
5. What is a key advantage of using lime in environmental and water treatment? a) It is a highly selective treatment agent. b) It is a readily available and relatively inexpensive material. c) It has a high solubility in water. d) It does not produce any byproducts.
b) It is a readily available and relatively inexpensive material.
Scenario: A small water treatment plant uses lime to adjust the pH of incoming water before disinfection. The plant receives water with a pH of 6.5, and the desired pH for disinfection is 7.5. The plant uses hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) for this purpose.
Task:
Hint: You may need to research the chemical reactions involved and consider the following factors:
**1. How Lime Affects Water pH:**
Hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) is a strong base. When added to water, it dissociates into calcium ions (Ca2+) and hydroxide ions (OH-). The hydroxide ions react with hydrogen ions (H+) in the water, reducing their concentration and increasing the pH. This reaction can be represented as follows:
Ca(OH)2 (s) + 2H+ (aq) → Ca2+ (aq) + 2H2O (l)
**2. Calculating the Amount of Lime Needed:**
1. **Determine the initial and final [H+] concentrations:**
pH = -log[H+]
Initial [H+]: [H+] = 10^-6.5 = 3.16 x 10^-7 mol/L
Final [H+]: [H+] = 10^-7.5 = 3.16 x 10^-8 mol/L
2. **Calculate the amount of H+ removed:**
3.16 x 10^-7 mol/L - 3.16 x 10^-8 mol/L = 2.84 x 10^-7 mol/L
3. **Calculate the amount of Ca(OH)2 needed:**
From the balanced chemical equation, 1 mole of Ca(OH)2 reacts with 2 moles of H+. Therefore, for 2.84 x 10^-7 moles of H+, we need (2.84 x 10^-7 mol H+)/2 = 1.42 x 10^-7 moles of Ca(OH)2.
4. **Convert moles of Ca(OH)2 to grams:**
(1.42 x 10^-7 moles Ca(OH)2) * (74.09 g Ca(OH)2 / 1 mole Ca(OH)2) = 1.05 x 10^-5 g Ca(OH)2
5. **Scale up for 1 million liters:**
(1.05 x 10^-5 g Ca(OH)2 / 1 L) * (1,000,000 L) = 10.5 g Ca(OH)2
Therefore, approximately 10.5 grams of hydrated lime is needed to raise the pH of 1 million liters of water from 6.5 to 7.5.
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