tubing pump

Tubing Pumps: The Workhorse of Oil and Gas Production

Tubing pumps, also known as submersible pumps or downhole pumps, play a vital role in the extraction of oil and gas from underground reservoirs. They are essentially sucker rod pumps where the barrel is directly attached to the tubing string, allowing for efficient and reliable fluid lifting from the wellbore. This configuration makes them a popular choice for both new and existing wells, especially in mature fields where production rates may have declined.

Understanding Tubing Pumps:

At its core, a tubing pump consists of several key components:

Pump Barrel: This cylindrical component houses the pump plunger and is attached directly to the tubing string.
Plunger: A piston-like device that moves up and down within the barrel, creating suction and displacement to lift the fluid.
Suction Valve: Located at the bottom of the barrel, this valve allows fluid to enter the pump chamber when the plunger moves upwards.
Discharge Valve: Situated at the top of the barrel, this valve opens when the plunger moves downwards, forcing the lifted fluid up the tubing string.
Sucker Rods: Long, slender rods connected to the plunger, extending from the surface to the pump downhole. These rods are actuated by a surface drive mechanism, creating the reciprocating motion required for pumping.

Advantages of Tubing Pumps:

Increased Production: Tubing pumps are highly efficient, capable of lifting fluids from deeper depths and in challenging reservoir conditions.
Lower Operating Costs: Compared to other pumping methods, tubing pumps generally have lower operating costs, especially in mature fields with existing tubing strings.
Flexibility: They can be easily installed and adapted to various well configurations, making them suitable for a wide range of production scenarios.
Improved Well Control: Tubing pumps enable closer control over well fluid production, facilitating optimized reservoir management.

Applications of Tubing Pumps:

Oil and Gas Production: They are widely used in both onshore and offshore oil and gas fields, playing a critical role in extracting fluids from wells.
Water Injection: Tubing pumps can be used to inject water into reservoirs, improving oil recovery and enhancing reservoir pressure.
Gas Lift: They can assist in lifting gas from the wellbore, increasing production and improving well efficiency.

Comparison to Sucker Rod Pumps:

While tubing pumps are essentially a type of sucker rod pump, their unique design provides several advantages over traditional surface-mounted pumps:

Reduced Surface Footprint: Tubing pumps eliminate the need for large surface pumping units, leading to a smaller footprint and potentially fewer environmental concerns.
Improved Efficiency: Their direct connection to the tubing string minimizes friction losses, improving pumping efficiency and maximizing production.
Enhanced Wellbore Integrity: The absence of large surface equipment reduces the potential for surface leaks and wellbore damage.

Conclusion:

Tubing pumps are essential tools in the oil and gas industry, providing a reliable and efficient means of lifting fluids from underground reservoirs. Their versatility, high efficiency, and low operating costs make them a preferred choice for both new and existing wells, contributing significantly to the sustainable production of oil and gas resources.

Test Your Knowledge

Tubing Pumps Quiz

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. What is another name for tubing pumps? a) Centrifugal pumps b) Submersible pumps c) Rotary pumps d) Jet pumps

Answer

b) Submersible pumps

2. Which component of a tubing pump is directly attached to the tubing string? a) Plunger b) Sucker rods c) Pump barrel d) Discharge valve

Answer

c) Pump barrel

3. What is the primary function of the suction valve in a tubing pump? a) To prevent fluid from flowing back down the tubing string b) To regulate the flow rate of fluid c) To allow fluid to enter the pump chamber d) To control the pressure inside the pump chamber

Answer

c) To allow fluid to enter the pump chamber

4. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of tubing pumps? a) Increased production b) Lower operating costs c) Increased reliance on surface equipment d) Flexibility in installation

Answer

c) Increased reliance on surface equipment

5. In addition to oil and gas production, tubing pumps can also be used for: a) Generating electricity b) Water injection c) Transportation of goods d) Food processing

Answer

b) Water injection

Tubing Pumps Exercise

Scenario: You are an engineer working on a mature oil field. Production rates have been declining, and the existing surface pumping equipment is aging and inefficient. The well is equipped with a tubing string.

Task:

Explain why tubing pumps would be a suitable solution for this scenario, considering the advantages they offer.
Describe the key steps involved in installing a tubing pump system in this well.

Exercice Correction

**1. Suitability of Tubing Pumps:** Tubing pumps are an excellent solution for this scenario due to the following advantages: * **Increased Production:** Tubing pumps are highly efficient, capable of boosting production in mature fields where rates have declined. * **Lower Operating Costs:** They are more cost-effective than surface pumps, particularly in mature fields where existing tubing strings can be utilized. * **Reduced Surface Footprint:** Tubing pumps eliminate the need for large surface pumping units, minimizing environmental impact and potentially reducing maintenance costs. * **Improved Wellbore Integrity:** The absence of large surface equipment reduces the risk of surface leaks and damage to the wellbore, contributing to its longevity. **2. Installation Steps:** 1. **Well Preparation:** The well must be properly prepared for tubing pump installation, including cleaning and inspection of the tubing string. 2. **Pump Selection:** Choose a tubing pump with appropriate capacity and specifications to meet the well's production needs. 3. **Pump Assembly:** The pump assembly, including the barrel, plunger, valves, and sucker rods, is carefully assembled and tested before being lowered down the wellbore. 4. **Pump Deployment:** The pump assembly is lowered through the tubing string and positioned at the desired depth, typically near the producing zone. 5. **Surface Drive Mechanism:** A surface drive mechanism is installed to connect to the sucker rods and provide the necessary reciprocating motion for pumping. 6. **Testing and Commissioning:** After installation, the tubing pump system is thoroughly tested and commissioned to ensure optimal performance.

Books

"Petroleum Engineering: Principles and Applications" by Donald R. Paul: This comprehensive textbook covers all aspects of petroleum engineering, including well completion and artificial lift methods like tubing pumps.
"Artificial Lift: Theory and Practice" by Tarek Ahmed: This book offers a detailed explanation of various artificial lift techniques, including tubing pumps, along with their design, operation, and optimization.
"Oil Well Drilling and Production" by John M. Campbell: This book provides a thorough overview of drilling and production operations, with a section dedicated to artificial lift methods, including tubing pumps.

Articles

"Tubing Pumps: A Comprehensive Overview" by SPE: This article from the Society of Petroleum Engineers provides a detailed analysis of tubing pump technology, covering their design, installation, operation, and maintenance.
"Tubing Pumps: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Applications" by Oil & Gas 360: This article explores the key benefits and drawbacks of tubing pumps, outlining their suitability for different production scenarios.
"Optimization of Tubing Pump Performance for Enhanced Oil Recovery" by Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering: This research article examines strategies for optimizing tubing pump performance to maximize oil recovery in challenging reservoir conditions.

Online Resources

Oil & Gas Journal: This industry publication frequently features articles and news related to artificial lift, including tubing pumps.
Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE): The SPE website offers numerous technical papers, presentations, and courses on tubing pumps and other artificial lift technologies.
Baker Hughes: This leading oilfield services company provides detailed information on their range of tubing pump products and services, including installation, maintenance, and optimization solutions.

Search Tips

"Tubing pump technology" - Get general information and research on tubing pump design and functionality.
"Tubing pump installation and maintenance" - Find resources on proper installation procedures and best practices for maintaining tubing pump systems.
"Tubing pump optimization techniques" - Discover strategies for enhancing tubing pump performance to increase oil and gas production.
"Tubing pump comparison to sucker rod pumps" - Compare the pros and cons of tubing pumps versus traditional sucker rod pumps.
"Tubing pump application in [specific region/reservoir type]" - Find case studies and real-world examples of tubing pump usage in different geographical locations and reservoir conditions.

Techniques

Chapter 1: Techniques

Tubing Pump Installation and Operation

1.1 Installation:

Well Preparation: The well must be properly prepared for tubing pump installation. This includes running the tubing string, setting the pump at the desired depth, and ensuring the wellhead is equipped for surface operations.
Pump Installation: The tubing pump is lowered into the wellbore on the tubing string. It's important to ensure proper seating and alignment of the pump within the tubing.
Surface Equipment: The surface equipment includes the sucker rod string, the surface drive mechanism, and the control system. This equipment is connected to the tubing string and ensures the pump's efficient operation.

1.2 Operation:

Surface Drive Mechanism: The surface drive mechanism provides the power to operate the sucker rods. It converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion, which drives the plunger within the pump barrel.
Pumping Cycle: The reciprocating motion of the plunger creates suction and discharge cycles, lifting the fluid from the wellbore and pushing it up the tubing string.
Fluid Delivery: The lifted fluid is transported through the tubing string and delivered to the surface for processing.

1.3 Optimization:

Pump Selection: Choosing the correct size and type of tubing pump is crucial for optimal performance. Factors to consider include the well depth, fluid properties, and production requirements.
Pump Setting: The depth at which the pump is set influences the efficiency and effectiveness of the pumping process. The optimal setting depth depends on the well configuration and fluid characteristics.
Rod String Design: The design of the sucker rod string, including the length, diameter, and material, affects the efficiency of the pumping system. It's essential to ensure proper rod strength and minimize rod fatigue.

1.4 Maintenance:

Regular Inspections: Frequent inspections of the surface equipment, the tubing string, and the pump itself are crucial for early detection of potential problems.
Pump Retrievals: In some cases, the pump needs to be retrieved for inspection, repair, or replacement. This process involves carefully removing the pump from the wellbore using specialized equipment.
Preventative Maintenance: Regular maintenance schedules, including lubrication, cleaning, and component replacement, help extend the lifespan of the tubing pump and minimize downtime.

1.5 Troubleshooting:

Fluid Production Issues: Changes in fluid production rates or composition can signal problems within the pumping system. Troubleshooting includes checking the pump setting, fluid levels, and surface equipment operation.
Mechanical Issues: Unusual sounds or vibrations from the surface equipment or wellhead can indicate mechanical problems. Diagnosing and addressing these issues promptly is critical.

1.6 Safety Considerations:

Well Control: Proper well control procedures are essential during all stages of tubing pump installation, operation, and maintenance. This includes ensuring well pressure control and preventing any uncontrolled fluid release.
Equipment Safety: Regular inspections and proper handling of equipment are crucial to minimize the risk of accidents.
Environmental Protection: Preventing spills and leaks during operations and maintenance is vital to protecting the environment.

Chapter 2: Models

Types of Tubing Pumps

2.1 Conventional Tubing Pumps:

Single-Acting Pumps: These pumps feature a single plunger that lifts fluid during the upward stroke. They are relatively simple and cost-effective.
Double-Acting Pumps: These pumps have a plunger that lifts fluid during both the upward and downward strokes. They offer higher production rates and are often preferred for deeper wells.

2.2 Specialised Tubing Pumps:

Jet Pumps: These pumps use a high-velocity jet of fluid to lift the reservoir fluids. They are often used in wells with low fluid levels or high gas production.
Gas Lift Pumps: These pumps use compressed gas to lift the reservoir fluid. They are particularly suitable for wells with high gas-oil ratios.
Progressive Cavity Pumps: These pumps use a rotating screw to lift the fluid. They are often used in wells with high viscosity fluids.

2.3 Downhole Motor Pumps:

Electric Submersible Pumps: These pumps are powered by electric motors submerged in the wellbore. They offer high efficiency and are often used in wells with high production rates.
Hydraulic Submersible Pumps: These pumps are powered by hydraulic motors submerged in the wellbore. They are suitable for remote locations with limited access to electricity.

2.4 Factors Influencing Pump Selection:

Well Depth and Conditions: The well depth and reservoir conditions, such as fluid properties and pressure, significantly impact pump selection.
Production Requirements: The desired production rate and the type of fluid to be produced influence pump choice.
Cost and Maintenance: The initial cost and ongoing maintenance expenses should be considered when selecting a pump.
Environmental Considerations: The environmental impact of the chosen pump technology should be assessed, especially in sensitive areas.

Chapter 3: Software

Tubing Pump Simulation and Optimization Software

3.1 Simulation Software:

Reservoir Simulation: Software programs can simulate the behavior of the reservoir and predict the performance of different pumping scenarios. This helps optimize well design and production strategies.
Pump Performance Simulation: Software packages can model the performance of tubing pumps under varying well conditions. This allows for accurate predictions of production rates and pump efficiency.

3.2 Optimization Software:

Pump Selection and Optimization: Software tools can assist in selecting the most suitable tubing pump for a given well and optimizing its operation for maximum efficiency.
Rod String Design Optimization: Software can analyze and optimize the sucker rod string design to minimize rod fatigue and maximize pump efficiency.

3.3 Benefits of Tubing Pump Software:

Improved Decision Making: Simulation and optimization software provides valuable data that helps engineers make informed decisions about well design, pump selection, and production strategies.
Increased Efficiency: Optimized pump settings and well design lead to higher production rates and reduced operating costs.
Reduced Risk: Software analysis can help mitigate risks associated with pump failure and wellbore damage.

3.4 Examples of Tubing Pump Software:

CMG STARS: A widely used reservoir simulation software.
PIPESIM: Software for wellbore and surface facilities simulation.
WellCAD: Software for tubing pump design and optimization.

Chapter 4: Best Practices

Best Practices for Tubing Pump Installation and Operation

4.1 Pre-Installation Planning:

Thorough Well Analysis: Conduct a detailed analysis of the well to determine fluid properties, reservoir pressure, and expected production rates.
Pump Selection and Sizing: Choose the appropriate pump type and size based on the well characteristics and production requirements.
Rod String Design: Carefully design the sucker rod string to ensure adequate strength and durability.

4.2 Installation and Commissioning:

Proper Installation Procedures: Follow established installation procedures to ensure correct pump seating and alignment.
Surface Equipment Setup: Properly install and connect the surface equipment, including the drive mechanism and control system.
Thorough Testing: Conduct thorough testing after installation to verify proper operation and performance.

4.3 Operations and Maintenance:

Regular Monitoring and Inspection: Monitor pump performance regularly and conduct inspections to detect any potential problems.
Preventative Maintenance: Implement a scheduled preventative maintenance program to ensure the longevity and reliability of the pump.
Proper Lubrication: Use appropriate lubricants for all moving parts to minimize friction and wear.

4.4 Troubleshooting and Repair:

Establish Clear Procedures: Develop clear troubleshooting procedures to diagnose and address pump failures promptly.
Qualified Personnel: Ensure that repairs are performed by qualified personnel who are familiar with tubing pump systems.
Accurate Record Keeping: Maintain accurate records of all maintenance and repair activities.

4.5 Environmental Considerations:

Preventative Measures: Implement measures to prevent spills and leaks, minimizing the environmental impact of the operation.
Proper Waste Disposal: Dispose of waste materials, including fluids and lubricants, responsibly.

4.6 Safety Procedures:

Well Control: Maintain strict well control procedures to ensure safe operations and prevent uncontrolled fluid release.
Equipment Safety: Implement safety measures during equipment handling and maintenance to minimize the risk of accidents.
Emergency Response Plan: Develop and maintain an emergency response plan for dealing with accidents or incidents.

Chapter 5: Case Studies

Real-World Examples of Tubing Pump Applications

5.1 Case Study 1: Increased Production in a Mature Field

Challenge: A mature oil field was experiencing declining production rates due to depleted reservoir pressure.
Solution: Tubing pumps were installed to increase the lifting capacity and optimize production.
Result: The installation of tubing pumps significantly boosted production rates, extending the field's productive life.

5.2 Case Study 2: Water Injection for Enhanced Recovery

Challenge: A reservoir with high water content required water injection to improve oil recovery.
Solution: Tubing pumps were used to inject water into the reservoir, increasing pressure and enhancing oil production.
Result: The water injection program, facilitated by tubing pumps, successfully improved oil recovery and increased overall field production.

5.3 Case Study 3: Tubing Pump Optimization in a High-Gas-Oil Ratio Well

Challenge: A well with a high gas-oil ratio experienced frequent gas locking issues, reducing pump efficiency.
Solution: A specialized gas lift tubing pump was installed, optimizing the gas-oil separation process.
Result: The specialized tubing pump effectively minimized gas locking, leading to increased production and improved well stability.

5.4 Case Study 4: Tubing Pump Deployment in a Remote Offshore Field

Challenge: A remote offshore oil field required a reliable and efficient pumping system for deepwater production.
Solution: A combination of electric submersible pumps and specialized tubing pump systems were installed, ensuring continuous production despite the challenging environment.
Result: The deployment of tubing pumps in the remote offshore field facilitated efficient production, demonstrating their versatility and reliability in challenging conditions.

5.5 Case Study 5: Cost-Effective Tubing Pump Solution for a Low-Production Well

Challenge: A low-production well required an economical solution for continued production.
Solution: A single-acting tubing pump with a smaller rod string was installed, minimizing initial investment and ongoing operating costs.
Result: The cost-effective tubing pump solution allowed for continued production from the well, demonstrating the ability of tubing pumps to be adapted to a variety of production scenarios.

Similar Terms

Drilling & Well Completion