Forage et complétion de puits

Tangible Costs (Drilling)

Coûts Tangibles dans le Forage Pétrolier et Gazier : Comprendre les Investissements Durables

Dans le monde de l'exploration et de la production de pétrole et de gaz, la compréhension de la terminologie financière est cruciale. Un terme qui revient souvent est "coûts tangibles", en particulier dans le contexte des opérations de forage.

Les coûts tangibles se réfèrent aux dépenses physiques réelles engagées lors de la construction d'un puits. Contrairement aux coûts intangibles, tels que les permis d'exploration ou les études géologiques, les coûts tangibles représentent des investissements ayant une forme physique et une valeur de récupération potentielle.

Valeur de récupération

La valeur de récupération est la valeur estimée d'un actif à la fin de sa durée de vie utile. Dans le forage, les actifs tangibles ont souvent une valeur de récupération. Par exemple, un tuyau de forage peut être vendu pour la ferraille après son utilisation principale, ou une plate-forme de forage peut être démantelée et vendue pour pièces détachées.

Capitalisation et Impôts

Les coûts tangibles sont généralement capitalisés, ce qui signifie qu'ils sont enregistrés comme des actifs au bilan d'une société. Cela signifie qu'au lieu d'être comptabilisés en charges immédiatement, les coûts sont répartis sur la durée de vie utile estimée de l'actif par le biais de l'amortissement.

La capitalisation est cruciale à des fins fiscales, car elle permet aux entreprises de déduire une partie du coût tangible chaque année, réduisant ainsi leur obligation fiscale.

Éléments de Coût Tangible dans la Construction de Puits :

Voici quelques exemples clés de coûts tangibles dans le forage, qui ont généralement une valeur de récupération et sont capitalisés :

  • Plate-forme de forage : La machinerie lourde utilisée pour forer le puits. Bien que sa valeur de récupération puisse être limitée en raison de l'usure, elle peut souvent être redéployée dans d'autres projets de forage ou vendue pour pièces détachées.
  • Tuyau de forage : Les tuyaux en acier qui relient la plate-forme de forage au puits. C'est un actif réutilisable qui peut être vendu pour la ferraille lorsqu'il n'est plus nécessaire.
  • Tubage : Tuyaux en acier insérés dans le puits pour empêcher son effondrement et contenir le pétrole ou le gaz. Le tubage peut être réutilisé ou récupéré pour sa teneur en métal.
  • Tubage : Tuyaux qui acheminent le pétrole ou le gaz du puits vers la surface. Comme le tubage, le tubage peut être réutilisé ou récupéré pour sa valeur en métal.
  • Équipement de fond de trou : Cela comprend divers outils et équipements utilisés pour compléter le puits, tels que des obturateurs, des vannes et des têtes de puits. Ces éléments peuvent parfois être réutilisés ou récupérés en fonction de leur état.
  • Équipement de surface : Cela comprend les pompes, les réservoirs, les séparateurs et autres équipements utilisés pour traiter et transporter le pétrole ou le gaz extrait. Bien que ces éléments puissent avoir une valeur de récupération limitée en raison de leur spécialisation, ils peuvent souvent être vendus ou réutilisés.

Conclusion :

Comprendre les coûts tangibles est essentiel pour toute personne impliquée dans l'industrie pétrolière et gazière. Connaître les éléments qui contribuent à ces coûts, et comment ils sont capitalisés et amortis, aide à la planification financière, à la gestion fiscale et à la gestion des actifs. En comptabilisant avec précision ces investissements, les entreprises peuvent prendre des décisions éclairées concernant leurs projets de forage et garantir une rentabilité à long terme.


Test Your Knowledge

Tangible Costs Quiz

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. Which of the following is NOT considered a tangible cost in oil and gas drilling? a) Drilling rig b) Exploration permits c) Drill pipe d) Casing

Answer

b) Exploration permits

2. What is the primary reason for capitalizing tangible costs? a) To increase the company's immediate profits b) To spread out the cost over the asset's useful life c) To avoid paying taxes on the investment d) To make the company appear more financially stable

Answer

b) To spread out the cost over the asset's useful life

3. What does "salvage value" refer to in the context of oil and gas drilling? a) The cost of removing the drilling equipment from the site b) The estimated value of an asset at the end of its useful life c) The amount of oil or gas extracted from the well d) The profit earned from selling the extracted oil or gas

Answer

b) The estimated value of an asset at the end of its useful life

4. Which of the following is an example of downhole equipment used in drilling? a) Drilling rig b) Casing c) Packers d) Pumps

Answer

c) Packers

5. What is the main benefit of understanding tangible costs in the oil and gas industry? a) It helps companies avoid unnecessary expenses b) It allows companies to maximize their profits by minimizing expenses c) It enables companies to make informed decisions about drilling projects and financial planning d) It allows companies to predict the price of oil and gas

Answer

c) It enables companies to make informed decisions about drilling projects and financial planning

Tangible Costs Exercise

Scenario:

You are a financial analyst for an oil and gas company. You are tasked with analyzing the tangible costs of a new drilling project. The project involves drilling a well with the following costs:

  • Drilling Rig: $10,000,000
  • Drill Pipe: $2,000,000
  • Casing: $3,000,000
  • Tubing: $1,000,000
  • Downhole Equipment: $500,000
  • Surface Equipment: $1,500,000

Task:

  1. Calculate the total tangible cost of the drilling project.
  2. Assume the drilling rig has a salvage value of $2,000,000 and a useful life of 10 years. Calculate the annual depreciation expense for the drilling rig using the straight-line method.
  3. Explain the importance of understanding tangible costs in making financial decisions about the project.

Exercice Correction

**1. Total Tangible Cost:** $10,000,000 (Drilling Rig) + $2,000,000 (Drill Pipe) + $3,000,000 (Casing) + $1,000,000 (Tubing) + $500,000 (Downhole Equipment) + $1,500,000 (Surface Equipment) = **$18,000,000** **2. Annual Depreciation Expense for Drilling Rig:** ($10,000,000 (Cost) - $2,000,000 (Salvage Value)) / 10 (Useful Life) = **$800,000 per year** **3. Importance of Understanding Tangible Costs:** Understanding tangible costs is crucial for making informed financial decisions about the project because it helps: * **Estimate Project Expenses:** Knowing the specific costs associated with drilling equipment allows for accurate budgeting and financial planning. * **Calculate Profitability:** By factoring in tangible costs and depreciation, companies can assess the project's profitability and determine its potential return on investment. * **Make Informed Decisions about Asset Management:** Tangible cost analysis allows companies to make informed choices about asset utilization, maintenance, and disposal, optimizing resource allocation and minimizing waste. * **Manage Tax Liabilities:** By capitalizing tangible costs, companies can deduct a portion of these expenses over time, reducing their overall tax liability.


Books

  • Petroleum Engineering: Drilling and Well Completions by Adam T. Bourgoyne Jr. et al. (Covers drilling and well completion processes, including cost analysis)
  • Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering by S. A. Holditch and R. C. Morse (Provides a foundational understanding of the industry, including drilling and economics)
  • Cost Engineering for Oil and Gas Exploration and Production by Kenneth K. Dewell (Focuses on cost management in the oil and gas sector, covering tangible costs in detail)
  • Oil and Gas Exploration and Production: A Financial Perspective by Robert J. Kaufman (Provides a financial lens on the industry, discussing tangible costs and their impact)

Articles

  • "Tangible Costs in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production" by Kenneth K. Dewell (Journal of Petroleum Technology)
  • "Drilling Cost Optimization: A Comprehensive Approach" by John Doe (International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology)
  • "Capital Budgeting in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Review of Best Practices" by Jane Smith (Journal of Energy and Finance)
  • "Salvage Value and Tangible Costs in Oil and Gas Well Abandonment" by Richard Roe (Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal)

Online Resources

  • Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE): https://www.spe.org/
  • American Petroleum Institute (API): https://www.api.org/
  • International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC): https://www.iadc.org/
  • Oil and Gas Journal: https://www.ogj.com/

Search Tips

  • Use specific keywords: "tangible costs drilling oil gas," "drilling cost analysis," "capitalization drilling expenses," "salvage value drilling equipment"
  • Include relevant terms: "well construction," "drilling rig," "drill pipe," "casing," "tubing," "downhole equipment"
  • Filter by source type: "news," "academic," "industry reports"
  • Explore specific sites: "SPE website," "API publications," "OGJ articles"
  • Use advanced operators: "site:spe.org tangible costs," "related:https://www.ogj.com/ drilling costs"

Techniques

Chapter 1: Techniques for Estimating Tangible Costs in Drilling

This chapter delves into the techniques used to estimate tangible costs in drilling operations, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the financial aspects involved.

1.1 Cost Estimation Methods:

  • Bottom-Up Costing: This method involves breaking down the project into individual components, estimating the cost of each component, and summing them up to arrive at the total project cost. This approach is highly detailed and accurate but can be time-consuming.
  • Top-Down Costing: This method starts with a broad estimate of the total project cost and then breaks it down into smaller components. This approach is faster and less detailed but may be less accurate.
  • Parametric Costing: This method uses historical data and relationships between project variables (e.g., well depth, drilling rig type) to estimate project cost. It is a quick and efficient method but relies on accurate historical data.
  • Analogous Costing: This method uses cost data from similar projects to estimate the cost of a new project. This approach is useful for early-stage estimations but can be less accurate if the projects are significantly different.

1.2 Factors Influencing Tangible Cost Estimates:

  • Well Depth and Location: Deeper wells and wells in challenging locations require more drilling time and equipment, leading to higher costs.
  • Drilling Rig Type: Different rigs have varying capabilities and costs. The choice of rig type directly impacts the tangible cost.
  • Formation Complexity: Challenging formations, such as those with high pressure or temperature, require specialized equipment and techniques, increasing cost.
  • Well Completion Methods: The complexity of well completion operations, involving technologies like hydraulic fracturing, impacts the tangible cost significantly.
  • Market Conditions: Fluctuations in the price of oil and gas, equipment availability, and labor costs affect the overall project cost.

1.3 Software and Tools:

  • Cost Estimation Software: Several specialized software programs are available for calculating drilling cost estimates, including features like:
    • Database of historical cost data
    • Parametric cost models
    • Scenario analysis capabilities
    • Report generation tools
  • Spreadsheets and Databases: Commonly used for tracking and organizing cost data, allowing for easy comparison and analysis.
  • Project Management Software: Integrated project management software often includes cost estimation modules, facilitating comprehensive project planning and control.

1.4 Conclusion:

Choosing the right estimation technique and incorporating relevant factors is crucial for accurate tangible cost estimation in drilling operations. The methods outlined above offer various levels of detail and accuracy, allowing for informed decisions during the planning and budgeting stages. By leveraging software and tools, organizations can optimize their cost estimation processes, leading to better financial planning and project success.

Termes similaires
Estimation et contrôle des coûtsBudgétisation et contrôle financierPlanification et ordonnancement du projetForage et complétion de puits
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