Drift (tool)

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Dérivage du puits : garantir un passage fluide avec l'outil de dérivage

Dans le monde exigeant de l'exploration et de la production pétrolières et gazières, garantir des opérations fluides et efficaces est primordial. Une étape cruciale de ce processus est le **dérivage du puits**, une procédure impliquant l'utilisation d'un outil spécialisé appelé **dériveur**.

Le **dérivage** est une mesure de contrôle qualité essentielle utilisée pour vérifier la **liberté** à l'intérieur du puits avant d'y faire passer une chaîne d'outils ou un équipement. Ce processus permet d'identifier les obstructions ou les rétrécissements potentiels qui pourraient entraver le passage fluide de l'équipement souhaité.

**L'outil de dérivage :**

Un dériveur est essentiellement un **outil solide et cylindrique** avec un **diamètre** spécifique. Le diamètre du dériveur est soigneusement choisi en fonction des dimensions de l'équipement à faire passer dans le puits, laissant une marge de dégagement désignée.

**Le processus de dérivage :**

Le processus de dérivage est simple :

**Descente du dériveur :** L'outil de dérivage est descendu dans le puits sur un câble ou une chaîne de tubing.
**Vérification des obstructions :** Au fur et à mesure que le dériveur descend dans le puits, il rencontre toutes les obstructions ou tous les rétrécissements potentiels.
**Identification des problèmes :** Si le dériveur rencontre une résistance importante ou ne parvient pas à passer à travers une section spécifique du puits, cela indique un problème potentiel.
**Résolution du problème :** Selon la nature de l'obstruction, le puits peut devoir être nettoyé ou aléser pour garantir une liberté suffisante pour l'équipement.

**Avantages du dérivage du puits :**

**Prévient les dommages à la chaîne d'outils :** Le dérivage garantit une liberté suffisante, ce qui évite des dommages coûteux à la chaîne d'outils ou à l'équipement.
**Réduit les retards opérationnels :** En identifiant les obstructions tôt, les retards potentiels causés par l'accrochage ou la défaillance de l'équipement sont minimisés.
**Augmente la sécurité :** Un puits bien dérivé garantit le passage sûr de la chaîne d'outils, minimisant le risque d'accidents.
**Optimise les performances :** Le dérivage permet un fonctionnement efficace de l'équipement en garantissant sa libre circulation dans le puits.

**Conclusion :**

Le dérivage du puits est une procédure essentielle dans les opérations pétrolières et gazières. Il garantit un déploiement fluide, efficace et sûr de l'équipement en vérifiant la liberté à l'intérieur du puits. L'utilisation d'un outil de dérivage permet d'identifier tôt les obstructions potentielles, ce qui permet de prendre les mesures nécessaires avant que l'équipement ne soit descendu dans le puits. Cela se traduit en fin de compte par des économies de coûts, une meilleure efficacité opérationnelle et une sécurité accrue dans l'exploration et la production pétrolières et gazières.

Test Your Knowledge

Drifting the Wellbore Quiz

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. What is the primary purpose of drifting the wellbore?

(a) To remove debris from the wellbore (b) To measure the depth of the wellbore (c) To verify the clearance within the wellbore (d) To stimulate the production of oil or gas

Answer

2. What type of tool is used for drifting the wellbore?

(a) A drill bit (b) A wireline (c) A drift tool (d) A packer

Answer

3. What is the main characteristic of a drift tool?

(a) It has a flexible design (b) It is a solid, cylindrical tool with a specific diameter (c) It is used to stimulate oil and gas production (d) It is used to measure the depth of the wellbore

Answer

(b) It is a solid, cylindrical tool with a specific diameter

4. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of drifting the wellbore?

(a) Prevents tool string damage (b) Reduces operational delays (c) Increases safety (d) Increases the rate of oil or gas production

Answer

(d) Increases the rate of oil or gas production

5. If a drift tool encounters significant resistance while being lowered down the wellbore, what does it indicate?

(a) The wellbore is clean and ready for equipment (b) The wellbore is too shallow (c) A potential obstruction or constriction in the wellbore (d) The drift tool is malfunctioning

Answer

Drifting the Wellbore Exercise

Scenario:

You are a wellsite engineer responsible for overseeing the drilling and completion of an oil well. You have just received a report indicating that the drift tool encountered resistance at a specific depth in the wellbore.

Task:

Identify three possible reasons for the drift tool encountering resistance.
Explain how you would investigate each reason.
Describe the corrective actions you would take based on your findings.

Exercice Correction

**Possible Reasons:** 1. **Debris or scale buildup:** The wellbore might be partially obstructed by debris or scale deposits. 2. **Casing damage:** A section of casing might be damaged, causing a constriction. 3. **Formation collapse:** The formation surrounding the wellbore might have collapsed, creating an obstruction. **Investigation:** 1. **Run a wireline logging tool to identify potential debris, scale, or formation collapse.** 2. **Utilize a caliper tool to measure the internal diameter of the wellbore and identify any casing damage.** **Corrective Actions:** 1. **Debris/scale:** Use a milling tool or a coiled tubing system to clean the wellbore and remove the obstruction. 2. **Casing damage:** Depending on the severity of the damage, consider options like repairing the casing, replacing the damaged section, or running a larger-diameter casing. 3. **Formation collapse:** Consider using a cementing operation to stabilize the formation or employing other techniques to prevent further collapse.

Books

Petroleum Engineering Handbook: This comprehensive handbook provides detailed information on various aspects of oil and gas exploration and production, including wellbore operations and equipment.
Drilling Engineering: This book offers in-depth coverage of drilling operations, including wellbore geometry, tool string design, and essential quality control procedures like drifting.
Well Completion Engineering: This book focuses on the completion phase of well development, highlighting the importance of wellbore preparation, including drifting, for successful completion operations.

Articles

"Drifting: A Critical Step in Wellbore Preparation" (Journal of Petroleum Technology) This article discusses the importance of drifting in ensuring smooth wellbore operations and outlines the process and benefits.
"Case Study: Using Drift Tools to Prevent Tool String Damage" (Oil & Gas Journal) This article presents a real-world example of how drifting prevented tool string damage and saved operational costs.
"Understanding and Avoiding Wellbore Obstructions" (SPE Journal) This article delves into the causes of wellbore obstructions and presents best practices to prevent them, highlighting the role of drifting in this process.

Online Resources

Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE): The SPE website offers numerous articles, presentations, and technical papers related to wellbore operations, including drifting. Search for keywords like "drifting," "wellbore clearance," and "tool string damage."
Oil & Gas Journal: This industry publication provides news, technical articles, and case studies related to oil and gas exploration and production, including topics like wellbore preparation and drift tools.
Schlumberger: This oilfield services company offers extensive online resources about drilling and completion operations, including information about drift tools and their applications.

Search Tips

"Drift Tool" + "Wellbore Preparation": This search will provide relevant results focusing on the use of drift tools in preparing wellbores for equipment runs.
"Drifting" + "Case Studies": This search will identify examples of how drifting has been applied in real-world scenarios and the results achieved.
"Drift Tool" + "Technical Data": This search will help you find technical specifications and dimensions of various drift tools available on the market.

Techniques

Drifting the Wellbore: A Comprehensive Guide

This guide expands on the process of drifting the wellbore, providing detailed information across various aspects.

Chapter 1: Techniques

Drifting techniques vary based on wellbore conditions, the type of equipment being run, and available resources. Several key techniques are employed:

Wireline Drifting: This common method uses a wireline to lower the drift tool into the wellbore. It's suitable for smaller drifts and allows for precise control and retrieval. Real-time monitoring is possible, allowing for immediate detection of obstructions.
Tubing Conveyed Drifting: Larger drifts are often conveyed using tubing. This method offers greater strength and allows for drifting in challenging wellbore conditions. However, it may be less precise than wireline drifting and requires more specialized equipment.
Rotating Drifting: In cases of particularly challenging obstructions, a rotating drift may be used. The rotation helps to clear away debris and improve the effectiveness of the drifting process. This requires more sophisticated equipment and careful control.
Multiple Drift Sizes: A sequential approach might be used, starting with a smaller drift to identify potential problems and then progressing to a larger drift of the final target diameter. This minimizes the risk of damaging the larger drift.
Drift Material and Design: Drift materials are selected for strength and durability to withstand the harsh downhole environment. The design of the drift (e.g., solid or hollow) can influence its effectiveness in different scenarios. Specialized drifts exist for particular challenges like removing scale or other wellbore obstructions.

Chapter 2: Models

While there isn't a specific "model" for drifting in the sense of a mathematical or computational model, the process relies on understanding several key relationships:

Drift Diameter vs. Equipment Diameter: The drift diameter is always larger than the equipment diameter to ensure sufficient clearance. The margin of clearance will vary depending on factors like wellbore deviation, expected wellbore rugosity, and equipment tolerances. This relationship is crucial for planning a successful drift operation.
Wellbore Geometry and Obstructions: The wellbore profile, including its diameter, inclination, and azimuth, plays a significant role in determining the ease of drifting and the potential locations of obstructions. Mapping and characterizing the wellbore using tools like logging-while-drilling (LWD) data can assist in optimizing the drifting process.
Friction and Drag Models: Friction and drag forces can influence the effectiveness of the drifting operation, especially in deviated wells. Factors such as the length of the drift string and the fluid properties in the wellbore impact these forces. Sophisticated modeling techniques can aid in predicting drag and optimizing pulling speed.

Chapter 3: Software

Several software packages assist in wellbore planning and analysis, aiding in the drifting process:

Wellbore Trajectory Software: Programs like Petrel or Kingdom enable visualization of the wellbore trajectory and identification of potential constrictions or changes in diameter. This information is crucial for planning the drifting operation.
Drilling Simulation Software: Advanced software can simulate the drifting process, taking into account factors like wellbore geometry, drift dimensions, and frictional forces. This allows for prediction of potential problems before the operation.
Data Acquisition and Analysis Software: Software is used to record and analyze data obtained during the drifting process, such as torque and drag measurements, which can indicate potential obstructions.

Chapter 4: Best Practices

Several best practices ensure a safe and efficient drifting operation:

Thorough Wellbore Planning: Analyze the wellbore trajectory and historical data to identify potential problem areas.
Proper Drift Selection: Choose a drift diameter that provides adequate clearance for the equipment to be run.
Careful Monitoring: Continuously monitor the drift during the lowering and retrieval process. This helps in early detection of any issues.
Appropriate Safety Procedures: Follow all relevant safety procedures to ensure the safety of personnel involved in the operation.
Documentation: Keep detailed records of the drifting operation, including the drift diameter, date, time, and any challenges encountered. This data is valuable for future operations and analysis.
Regular Maintenance of Equipment: Ensure that all equipment is in good working order before the operation to minimize downtime and ensure reliable performance.

Chapter 5: Case Studies

Case studies demonstrating successful and unsuccessful drifting operations can illustrate the importance of following best practices and adapting techniques to various scenarios. These would showcase the consequences of inadequate planning, the benefits of proactive problem-solving, and the impact of different techniques on operational efficiency and safety. Examples might include:

A case study illustrating a successful drifting operation that prevented a costly tool string failure.
A case study demonstrating the use of rotating drifting to overcome a particularly difficult obstruction.
A case study illustrating the cost savings achieved through proper planning and the use of appropriate software tools.

These case studies would provide concrete examples of the principles discussed in the previous chapters, highlighting the practical applications of drifting techniques and the importance of optimizing this crucial wellbore operation.

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Levage et gréement