Forage et complétion de puits

stuck pipe

Tuyau Coincé : Un Cauchemar de Forage

Dans le monde de l'exploration pétrolière et gazière, "tuyau coincé" est une expression redoutée, signifiant un problème potentiellement coûteux et long. Cela fait référence à la situation où le tuyau de forage, les colliers de forage, le tubage ou le revêtement se logent fermement dans le puits, refusant de monter ou de descendre. Cela peut arriver pendant le forage, l'installation du tubage, ou même pendant le levage du train de forage.

Causes du Tuyau Coincé :

La cause profonde du tuyau coincé réside souvent dans une combinaison de facteurs. Voici quelques coupables courants :

  • Coincement Différentiel : Cela se produit lorsque la pression de la colonne de boue dans le puits dépasse la pression de la formation. Cela peut faire gonfler le train de forage contre la paroi du puits, créant un ajustement serré qui empêche le mouvement.
  • Blocage par Clé : Un coude prononcé ou une irrégularité dans le puits peut créer une "clé" qui empêche le train de forage de passer.
  • Effondrement du Trou : Si les parois du puits sont instables, elles peuvent s'effondrer vers l'intérieur, piégeant le train de forage.
  • Ponts de Ciment : Pendant les opérations de cimentation, un pont de ciment durci peut se former dans le puits, bloquant le passage du train de forage.
  • Perte de Circulation : Lorsque la boue de forage est perdue dans la formation, elle peut laisser derrière elle un gâteau de boue durci qui peut lier le train de forage.
  • Couple et Traction : Un couple ou une traction excessifs sur le train de forage, causés par des formations serrées, un train de forage lourd ou un équipement inapproprié, peuvent entraîner un tuyau coincé.

Conséquences du Tuyau Coincé :

Le tuyau coincé peut avoir de graves répercussions sur une opération de forage :

  • Retards de Production : Le temps passé à libérer le tuyau coincé peut retarder considérablement la production, entraînant une perte de revenus.
  • Solutions Coûteuses : La libération du tuyau coincé peut nécessiter un équipement et des techniques spécialisés, entraînant des dépenses considérables.
  • Dommages au Puits : Dans les cas extrêmes, les tentatives de libération du tuyau coincé peuvent endommager le puits, nécessitant des réparations coûteuses.
  • Risques de Sécurité : Le tuyau coincé peut présenter des risques de sécurité pour le personnel sur le derrick.

Prévention et Libération du Tuyau Coincé :

La prévention du tuyau coincé est primordiale. Voici quelques stratégies :

  • Conception Appropriée de la Boue : Optimisation de la densité et des propriétés de la boue pour minimiser le coincement différentiel.
  • Nettoyage Prudent du Trou : Maintenir un puits propre et en bon état.
  • Gestion Rigoureuse du Couple : Contrôle du couple appliqué au train de forage.
  • Mesures de Stabilité du Puits : Utilisation de techniques de tubage et de cimentation appropriées pour garantir l'intégrité du puits.

Si un tuyau coincé se produit, diverses techniques peuvent être utilisées pour libérer le tuyau, notamment :

  • Circulation : Pompage de boue à travers le train de forage pour briser la formation ou le gâteau de boue.
  • Tirage et Pondération : Utilisation du poids et de la pression pour libérer le tuyau.
  • Forage en Avant : Forage à travers l'obstacle à l'aide d'un petit trépan.
  • Outils de Libération Mécanique : Utilisation d'équipements spécialisés pour briser ou couper le tuyau coincé.

Conclusion :

Le tuyau coincé est un défi sérieux dans le forage et la complétion de puits. Comprendre ses causes, mettre en œuvre des mesures préventives et disposer d'outils et d'expertise appropriés pour libérer le tuyau coincé sont essentiels pour garantir des opérations de forage efficaces et sûres.


Test Your Knowledge

Stuck Pipe Quiz:

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. Which of the following is NOT a common cause of stuck pipe?

a) Differential Sticking

Answer

This is a common cause of stuck pipe.

b) Key Seating
Answer

This is a common cause of stuck pipe.

c) Pipe Corrosion
Answer

While corrosion can impact pipe integrity, it's not a primary cause of stuck pipe. The other options are more direct contributors to pipe becoming lodged.

d) Cement Bridges
Answer

This is a common cause of stuck pipe.

2. What is the primary consequence of stuck pipe?

a) Increased Oil Production

Answer

Stuck pipe delays production, not increases it.

b) Production Delays
Answer

This is a major consequence of stuck pipe.

c) Reduced Drilling Costs
Answer

Stuck pipe significantly increases costs.

d) Improved Wellbore Stability
Answer

Stuck pipe can actually lead to wellbore damage.

3. Which of the following is NOT a strategy to prevent stuck pipe?

a) Proper Mud Design

Answer

This is a crucial prevention strategy.

b) Careful Hole Cleaning
Answer

This is a crucial prevention strategy.

c) Increasing Drilling Speed
Answer

Increasing speed can actually exacerbate problems and contribute to stuck pipe.

d) Rigorous Torque Management
Answer

This is a crucial prevention strategy.

4. Which technique utilizes weight and pressure to free a stuck pipe?

a) Circulation

Answer

This technique involves pumping mud, not weight and pressure.

b) Pulling and Weighting
Answer

This is the correct technique.

c) Drilling Ahead
Answer

This involves drilling through the obstacle, not pulling and weighting.

d) Mechanical Releasing Tools
Answer

This involves specialized equipment, not weight and pressure.

5. What is the most important aspect in preventing and releasing stuck pipe?

a) Utilizing the newest technology

Answer

While technology plays a role, expertise and understanding are crucial.

b) Having a large budget
Answer

While a budget is necessary, expertise and understanding are essential.

c) Experienced personnel with thorough knowledge
Answer

This is the most important aspect in preventing and releasing stuck pipe.

d) Relying on automated systems
Answer

Automation is helpful, but human expertise is still crucial.

Stuck Pipe Exercise:

Scenario:

You are the drilling supervisor on a rig. While drilling at 10,000 feet, the drill string becomes stuck. You suspect differential sticking as the culprit.

Task:

  1. List three actions you would take immediately to address the stuck pipe situation.
  2. Explain the rationale behind each action.
  3. Briefly outline what you would do if the initial actions fail to free the stuck pipe.

Exercice Correction

Here's a possible solution:

Actions:

  1. Stop drilling and circulate mud: This helps break up any potential mud cake or formation buildup that might be contributing to the sticking.
  2. Increase the mud weight slightly: This can help equalize the pressure between the mud column and the formation, reducing the differential pressure and potentially freeing the drill string. However, it's crucial to ensure that the increased mud weight doesn't exceed the formation's fracture pressure to prevent further complications.
  3. Carefully try to rotate the drill string: Gentle rotation can sometimes help break the sticking force. However, excessive torque should be avoided to prevent damaging the drill string or wellbore.

Rationale:

  1. Circulating mud helps clean the hole and reduce pressure differentials.
  2. Adjusting mud weight is a standard technique for managing differential sticking. However, it should be done carefully and monitored closely.
  3. Rotation can help break the "grip" of the formation on the pipe, but excessive force can lead to further complications.

If initial actions fail:

If these actions fail, further specialized techniques would be needed, potentially including:

  • Pulling and weighting the drill string
  • Using specialized releasing tools
  • Drilling ahead (if it's safe and feasible)

Ultimately, the approach would depend on the specific situation and the available equipment and expertise.


Books

  • "Drilling Engineering" by Robert F. Anderson and James R. Hill - This comprehensive text covers various aspects of drilling engineering, including stuck pipe and its mitigation.
  • "Petroleum Engineering Handbook" by Tarek Ahmed - This handbook provides in-depth information on oil and gas production operations, including drilling, well completion, and stuck pipe management.
  • "Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering" by D.W. Green - Another comprehensive text on petroleum engineering, with sections dedicated to drilling and wellbore problems.
  • "Drilling and Well Completion" by J.P. Brill and J.S. Dake - This book covers drilling practices and well completion techniques, including sections on stuck pipe prevention and remediation.

Articles

  • "Stuck Pipe: A Comprehensive Review of Causes, Prevention, and Remediation Techniques" by A. S. K. Shaikh and M. A. Khan - A detailed review paper published in the Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology.
  • "Stuck Pipe: Causes, Prevention, and Solutions" by Schlumberger - A technical article by Schlumberger, a leading oilfield services company, providing insights into stuck pipe issues.
  • "Differential Sticking: A Major Cause of Stuck Pipe" by Halliburton - An article by Halliburton, another oilfield services company, focusing on differential sticking as a primary cause of stuck pipe.
  • "Stuck Pipe: A Case Study" by SPE - This SPE (Society of Petroleum Engineers) article analyzes a specific case of stuck pipe, highlighting the challenges and solutions employed.

Online Resources

  • SPE (Society of Petroleum Engineers): Their website contains numerous technical articles and research papers related to stuck pipe and drilling.
  • IADC (International Association of Drilling Contractors): IADC provides training, resources, and best practices for drilling contractors, including information on stuck pipe management.
  • Oil & Gas IQ: This website offers a wide range of information on the oil and gas industry, including articles on drilling and stuck pipe.
  • EnergyWire: This news website covers the latest developments in the oil and gas industry, often featuring articles related to stuck pipe incidents and technological advancements.

Search Tips

  • Use specific keywords: Combine terms like "stuck pipe," "drilling," "prevention," "causes," "remediation," "techniques," "case studies," etc., to narrow down your search.
  • Use quotation marks: Enclose phrases like "stuck pipe causes" in quotation marks to find exact matches.
  • Use filters: Filter your search results by date, source, or file type to refine your search.
  • Search for specific companies: Look for articles and resources from major oilfield service companies like Schlumberger, Halliburton, Baker Hughes, etc.
  • Explore forums and communities: Search for forums and online communities dedicated to drilling and oil and gas production where you can find discussions and insights on stuck pipe.

Techniques

Termes similaires
Ingénierie de la tuyauterie et des pipelinesIngénierie des réservoirsForage et complétion de puitsGestion de l'intégrité des actifsTraitement du pétrole et du gazTermes techniques généraux
Les plus regardés
Categories

Comments


No Comments
POST COMMENT
captcha
Back