Production et distribution d'énergie

basic lightning impulse level (BIL)

Comprendre le niveau d'impulsion de foudre de base (BIL) dans les systèmes électriques

Les coups de foudre représentent une menace importante pour les équipements électriques, pouvant causer des dommages catastrophiques et interrompre l'alimentation électrique. Pour se protéger contre ces surtensions, l'isolation des systèmes électriques doit être capable de résister aux transitoires de haute tension. Le **niveau d'impulsion de foudre de base (BIL)** quantifie la résistance de cette isolation et constitue un paramètre crucial dans la conception électrique.

Qu'est-ce que le BIL?

Le BIL est la **valeur de crête de tension maximale** qu'un équipement électrique, tel qu'un transformateur ou un appareillage, peut supporter lors d'un essai d'impulsion standard. Cet essai simule les caractéristiques d'un coup de foudre, en appliquant une impulsion de haute tension avec une forme d'onde et une durée spécifiques.

Pourquoi le BIL est-il important?

La valeur BIL fournit un point de référence pour la capacité de l'isolation à résister à un coup de foudre. Il garantit que l'équipement peut gérer les tensions transitoires causées par la foudre sans subir de panne ou de dommage. En spécifiant le BIL, les ingénieurs peuvent choisir l'équipement adapté à des environnements et des applications spécifiques.

Comment le BIL est-il mesuré?

Le BIL est déterminé par une procédure d'essai normalisée, généralement basée sur la norme **IEC 60060-1**. Pendant l'essai, une impulsion de tension soigneusement contrôlée est appliquée à l'équipement. La tension est augmentée progressivement jusqu'à ce que l'isolation cède, provoquant un court-circuit ou une autre forme de dommage. La valeur de crête de tension maximale avant la panne est enregistrée comme le BIL.

BIL et résistance de l'isolation:

La valeur BIL reflète directement la résistance de l'isolation. Un BIL plus élevé indique une isolation plus résistante capable de supporter des impulsions de tension plus élevées. Par conséquent, les équipements avec un BIL plus élevé sont plus résistants aux coups de foudre et autres phénomènes transitoires.

Classification des valeurs BIL:

Les valeurs BIL sont généralement exprimées en kilovolts (kV). Les valeurs BIL courantes comprennent:

  • 75 kV: Pour les équipements et composants basse tension.
  • 150 kV: Pour les équipements moyenne tension tels que les transformateurs et les appareillages.
  • 300 kV: Pour les équipements haute tension utilisés dans les systèmes de transmission et de distribution.
  • 550 kV: Pour les équipements très haute tension (THT).

Conclusion:

Le niveau d'impulsion de foudre de base (BIL) est un paramètre essentiel dans la conception électrique, indiquant la résistance de l'isolation et sa capacité à résister aux tensions transitoires causées par les coups de foudre. En spécifiant des valeurs BIL appropriées, les ingénieurs peuvent assurer la fiabilité et la sécurité des équipements électriques, en les protégeant contre les dommages potentiels et en assurant une alimentation électrique ininterrompue.


Test Your Knowledge

Quiz: Understanding Basic Lightning Impulse Level (BIL)

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. What does BIL stand for? a) Basic Insulation Level b) Basic Lightning Impulse Level c) Basic Insulation Limitation d) Basic Lightning Intensity Level

Answer

b) Basic Lightning Impulse Level

2. What is BIL a measure of? a) The maximum current a piece of equipment can withstand. b) The maximum voltage a piece of equipment can withstand during a standard impulse test. c) The maximum temperature a piece of equipment can withstand. d) The maximum frequency a piece of equipment can operate at.

Answer

b) The maximum voltage a piece of equipment can withstand during a standard impulse test.

3. Why is BIL an important consideration in electrical design? a) It determines the size of the conductors needed. b) It ensures the equipment can handle transient voltages caused by lightning. c) It helps calculate the power consumption of the equipment. d) It determines the efficiency of the electrical system.

Answer

b) It ensures the equipment can handle transient voltages caused by lightning.

4. How is BIL typically measured? a) By applying a constant voltage to the equipment. b) By measuring the resistance of the insulation. c) By applying a carefully controlled voltage impulse to the equipment. d) By using a specialized thermometer.

Answer

c) By applying a carefully controlled voltage impulse to the equipment.

5. What does a higher BIL rating indicate? a) Weaker insulation b) Lower resistance to lightning strikes c) Stronger insulation d) Lower cost of the equipment

Answer

c) Stronger insulation

Exercise: BIL Application

Task:

A substation is being designed to handle high-voltage power lines. The substation's equipment needs to be protected against lightning strikes. Based on the information below, recommend the appropriate BIL rating for the transformer and switchgear:

  • The substation will be located in a region with frequent lightning storms.
  • The transmission lines feeding the substation operate at 230 kV.

Provide your reasoning for your recommendation.

Exercise Correction

Given the substation's location and the high voltage transmission lines, a high BIL rating is recommended to ensure adequate protection from lightning strikes. Considering the 230 kV operating voltage, a BIL of 300 kV or higher would be appropriate for both the transformer and the switchgear. This higher BIL rating provides a safety margin and ensures reliable operation of the substation even under extreme conditions.


Books

  • "Electrical Power Systems" by Theodore Wildi: This comprehensive textbook covers various aspects of power systems, including insulation coordination and BIL.
  • "High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals" by E. Kuffel, W. S. Zaengl, and J. Kuffel: A classic text on high-voltage engineering, discussing topics like impulse testing and BIL.
  • "Power System Protection and Automation" by Paithankar and Phadke: Covers the protection of power systems, including the role of BIL in equipment selection.

Articles

  • "Lightning Protection for Electrical Systems" by IEEE: A comprehensive article covering various aspects of lightning protection, including the importance of BIL.
  • "Understanding Basic Lightning Impulse Level (BIL)" by Electrical Engineering Portal: A concise article that provides a basic overview of BIL and its importance in electrical systems.
  • "The Importance of Basic Lightning Impulse Level (BIL) in Electrical Design" by Engineering.com: A detailed article discussing the significance of BIL in electrical design, including its role in insulation coordination.

Online Resources


Search Tips

  • Use specific keywords: Instead of just searching "BIL," try using more specific terms like "BIL transformer," "BIL calculation," or "BIL testing procedures."
  • Combine keywords with operators: Use operators like "AND," "OR," and "NOT" to refine your search. For example: "BIL AND IEEE standard" or "BIL NOT transformer."
  • Include website types: Specify your search to include only academic articles by adding "filetype:pdf" to your query. For example: "BIL filetype:pdf."

Techniques

Chapter 1: Techniques for Determining BIL

This chapter delves into the specific techniques employed to determine the Basic Lightning Impulse Level (BIL) of electrical equipment.

1.1 Standard Test Procedures:

The most common method for determining BIL is through standardized test procedures, usually based on the IEC 60060-1 standard. This standardized approach ensures uniformity and comparability of BIL values across different manufacturers and locations.

1.2 Test Setup:

The test setup involves applying a controlled voltage impulse to the equipment under test. Key components of the setup include:

  • Impulse Generator: Produces a high-voltage pulse with a specific waveform and duration, mimicking a lightning strike.
  • Measuring Devices: Monitor the voltage and current during the test, recording the maximum voltage crest value before failure.
  • Test Object: The electrical equipment whose BIL is being determined.

1.3 Impulse Waveform:

The standard impulse waveform is a 1.2/50 microsecond wave. This means that the voltage rises to its peak value in 1.2 microseconds and then decays to 50% of its peak value in 50 microseconds.

1.4 Test Procedure:

The test is typically conducted in a controlled laboratory environment. The voltage impulse is applied to the test object while monitoring the voltage and current. The voltage is gradually increased until the insulation fails, and the maximum voltage crest value before failure is recorded as the BIL.

1.5 Variations in Test Procedures:

Specific test procedures may vary depending on the type of equipment being tested and the application. For example, different test waveforms may be used for specific equipment categories.

1.6 Importance of Standardization:

Standardization is critical in ensuring accurate and reliable BIL determination. This allows for fair comparison of equipment from different manufacturers and enables the selection of equipment with appropriate BIL ratings for specific applications.

1.7 Other Techniques:

While standardized testing is the most common method, other techniques like numerical simulations and analytical modeling can also be used to estimate BIL. However, these methods are often used in conjunction with standardized testing to validate the results.

Conclusion:

The techniques for determining BIL involve applying a controlled voltage impulse to the equipment and measuring the maximum voltage crest value before failure. This standardized approach ensures accurate and reliable assessment of insulation strength, providing a valuable parameter for safe and efficient electrical design.

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