Astronomes

Schlesinger, Frank

Frank Schlesinger : Un pionnier de la parallaxe stellaire

Frank Schlesinger (1871-1943) était un éminent astronome américain qui a consacré sa carrière à percer les secrets des étoiles. Il est surtout connu pour ses travaux révolutionnaires dans le domaine des **parallaxes stellaires**, qui sont les décalages apparents de la position d'une étoile observée depuis la Terre, dus au mouvement orbital de notre planète autour du Soleil. Ce décalage est minuscule, nécessitant des instruments précis et des mesures minutieuses pour être détecté. Les contributions de Schlesinger ont révolutionné notre compréhension des distances et des mouvements des étoiles au sein de notre galaxie, la Voie lactée.

La carrière de Schlesinger s'est étendue sur près d'un demi-siècle, durant lequel il a occupé des postes prestigieux dans des observatoires de premier plan. Il a été directeur de l'**Observatoire de Yale** et de l'**Observatoire d'Allegheny**, laissant une marque durable sur ces institutions. Il a notamment fondé la **Station Sud de Yale** à Johannesburg, en Afrique du Sud, élargissant ainsi la portée de ses recherches et offrant une perspective cruciale de l'hémisphère sud.

Son œuvre maîtresse a été la création du **Catalogue général des parallaxes**, une compilation exhaustive de plus de 2000 parallaxes stellaires, ainsi que de son supplément essentiel. Cette œuvre monumentale, témoignage de son dévouement et de sa minutie, est devenue une ressource incontournable pour les astronomes du monde entier, facilitant d'innombrables études sur la structure et l'évolution de la Voie lactée.

Schlesinger n'était pas seulement un observateur compétent, mais aussi un innovateur visionnaire. Il a reconnu le potentiel des **caméras grand angle** pour déterminer les positions des étoiles avec plus de précision et d'efficacité. Ses efforts pionniers ont ouvert la voie au développement de techniques astrométriques sophistiquées encore utilisées aujourd'hui.

L'héritage de Frank Schlesinger s'étend au-delà de ses recherches révolutionnaires. Il était un défenseur passionné de l'éducation à l'astronomie et a joué un rôle essentiel dans la formation des futures générations d'astronomes. Son engagement indéfectible pour l'excellence scientifique, associé à son esprit pionnier, lui a valu une place de choix dans les annales de l'histoire de l'astronomie.


Test Your Knowledge

Quiz: Frank Schlesinger - A Pioneer in Stellar Parallax

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. What is Frank Schlesinger best known for?

a) Discovering new planets b) Studying the composition of stars c) Developing new telescopes d) Measuring stellar parallaxes

Answer

d) Measuring stellar parallaxes

2. What is a stellar parallax?

a) The change in a star's brightness over time b) The apparent shift in a star's position due to Earth's orbit c) The distance between a star and Earth d) The speed at which a star moves across the sky

Answer

b) The apparent shift in a star's position due to Earth's orbit

3. Which observatories did Frank Schlesinger direct?

a) Lowell Observatory and Lick Observatory b) Yerkes Observatory and Palomar Observatory c) Yale Observatory and Allegheny Observatory d) Harvard Observatory and Mount Wilson Observatory

Answer

c) Yale Observatory and Allegheny Observatory

4. What is the name of the comprehensive compilation of stellar parallaxes created by Schlesinger?

a) The General Catalogue of Stars b) The Milky Way Atlas c) The General Catalogue of Parallaxes d) The Stellar Distance Catalogue

Answer

c) The General Catalogue of Parallaxes

5. What innovative technique did Schlesinger pioneer in astronomy?

a) Using spectroscopy to analyze star composition b) Using wide-angle cameras to measure star positions c) Using radio telescopes to detect distant galaxies d) Using space telescopes to observe beyond Earth's atmosphere

Answer

b) Using wide-angle cameras to measure star positions

Exercise:

Imagine you are an astronomer working in the early 20th century. You have been tasked with measuring the parallax of a nearby star using a telescope and photographic plates. Explain the steps involved in this process, highlighting the challenges faced by astronomers like Frank Schlesinger in those days.

Exercice Correction

Measuring the parallax of a star in the early 20th century was a challenging task, requiring careful observation, meticulous measurements, and sophisticated instruments. Here's a possible breakdown of the process:

1. Selecting the Target: - Choose a nearby star, preferably a bright one for easier observation.

2. Observing the Star at Different Times: - Take photographs of the target star at two different times of the year, when Earth is at opposite points in its orbit around the Sun. This provides a baseline for measuring the parallax shift.

3. Comparing the Images: - Carefully align the photographic plates taken at different times. Measure the apparent shift in the star's position relative to background stars. This shift, though tiny, is the key to determining the parallax.

4. Calculating the Parallax: - Convert the measured shift into an angle. This angle is the parallax, expressed in arcseconds. The smaller the parallax angle, the further away the star.

Challenges faced by astronomers like Schlesinger:

  • Limitations of Telescopes: Early telescopes were less powerful and less precise, making it difficult to measure small angular shifts.
  • Atmospheric Distortion: Earth's atmosphere causes blurring and twinkling of starlight, introducing errors in measurements.
  • Photographic Plates: The photographic plates used were delicate and required precise handling and processing, increasing the chance for errors.
  • Lack of Automation: All measurements had to be done manually, which was time-consuming and prone to human error.

Schlesinger's contributions: - He developed techniques for reducing the impact of atmospheric distortion and improved the accuracy of photographic measurements. - His meticulous work resulted in the creation of the General Catalogue of Parallaxes, a cornerstone resource for astronomers.


Books

  • "The History of Astronomy from Herschel to Kelvin" by Agnes Mary Clerke (1893) - Provides a historical context for Schlesinger's work within the broader development of astronomy.
  • "The History of the Telescope" by Henry C. King (1955) - Discusses the evolution of telescopes and their role in Schlesinger's research on stellar parallaxes.
  • "American Astronomy: A History of Its Origins and Development" by Henry Norris Russell (1932) - Offers a comprehensive overview of American astronomy with a section on Schlesinger's contributions.
  • "The Universe and its Stars" by Robert H. Baker (1930) - Presents a clear explanation of stellar parallaxes and includes Schlesinger's work in the context of distance measurements.
  • "Yale Observatory Publications" - A treasure trove of information, including numerous articles by Schlesinger and his colleagues on stellar parallaxes and other research areas.

Articles

  • "Frank Schlesinger: A Pioneer in Stellar Parallax" by Peter van der Kamp (1944, Popular Astronomy) - A biographical article on Schlesinger’s life and work.
  • "Frank Schlesinger and the General Catalogue of Parallaxes" by William W. Campbell (1930, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific) - A tribute to Schlesinger and his contributions to astrometry.
  • "The Role of Stellar Parallax in the Development of Astronomy" by A. N. Vyssotsky (1944, The Astronomical Journal) - An overview of the importance of parallax measurements, showcasing Schlesinger's pioneering efforts.
  • "The History of the Yale Southern Station" by Dirk Brouwer (1950, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific) - Discusses the establishment and impact of the Yale Southern Station under Schlesinger's leadership.

Online Resources

  • "Frank Schlesinger" entry in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography - Provides a detailed biographical sketch of Schlesinger's life and scientific achievements.
  • "Frank Schlesinger" entry in the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive - Offers a concise overview of Schlesinger's career and his contributions to astronomy.
  • "The General Catalogue of Parallaxes" - Digital version of Schlesinger's monumental work, available online at the Smithsonian Institution Libraries.
  • "Yale Observatory Historical Archives" - Provides access to original documents, photographs, and other materials related to Schlesinger's career and his time at Yale.

Search Tips

  • "Frank Schlesinger stellar parallax" - Focuses search results on articles and resources related to Schlesinger’s specific work on parallax.
  • "Frank Schlesinger Yale Observatory" - Finds information about Schlesinger's time at Yale and his role in the observatory's history.
  • "Frank Schlesinger General Catalogue of Parallaxes" - Uncovers resources about the catalogue, its significance, and its impact on astronomical research.
  • "Frank Schlesinger biography" - Provides a broad overview of Schlesinger's life and scientific contributions.

Techniques

None

Comments


No Comments
POST COMMENT
captcha
Back