Astronomes

Jansky, Karl Guthe

L'homme qui a entendu la Voie lactée : Karl Jansky et l'aube de la radioastronomie

Dans les annales de l'astronomie, l'année 1931 marque un tournant. C'est en cette année que Karl Guthe Jansky, un jeune ingénieur radio américain, fit une découverte étonnante - la Voie lactée émettait des ondes radio. Cette observation apparemment simple a révolutionné notre compréhension du cosmos, inaugurant l'ère de la radioastronomie.

Jansky, né en 1905 de parents immigrants tchèques, rejoignit les Bell Telephone Laboratories en 1928. Sa mission initiale était d'enquêter sur la source d'interférences statiques qui affligeaient les communications radio transatlantiques. Pour cela, il construisit une antenne hautement sensible, une structure massive rotative qui captait les signaux radio de toutes les directions.

En étudiant les interférences, Jansky remarqua un sifflement persistant qui semblait provenir d'un point précis du ciel. Ce sifflement, contrairement aux autres sources d'interférences, suivait un modèle : il atteignait son intensité maximale toutes les 23 heures et 56 minutes. C'était la période de rotation de la Terre par rapport aux étoiles.

Intrigué, Jansky suivit méticuleusement la source du sifflement, enregistrant méticuleusement sa position au fil du temps. Grâce à ses observations, il réalisa que la source ne provenait pas du Soleil, ni d'aucun autre corps céleste connu. Au lieu de cela, le sifflement semblait provenir de la direction générale de la Voie lactée.

Ses conclusions, publiées en 1933, furent initialement accueillies avec scepticisme. À l'époque, les astronomes pensaient que l'univers était principalement composé de lumière visible et d'autres rayonnements électromagnétiques. L'idée que les ondes radio pouvaient être émises par des objets célestes semblait farfelue.

Cependant, le travail de Jansky a déclenché une révolution. Il a ouvert une toute nouvelle fenêtre sur l'univers, permettant aux scientifiques d'étudier des objets et des phénomènes invisibles aux télescopes optiques. La radioastronomie a prospéré, révélant la structure complexe de la Voie lactée, la présence de pulsars, et même les échos du Big Bang.

Malgré la nature révolutionnaire de sa découverte, Jansky lui-même n'a pas poursuivi la radioastronomie. Il était concentré sur son travail chez Bell Labs et, en 1937, il fut affecté à un autre projet. Bien qu'il restât intéressé par le sujet, ses recherches sur les ondes radio cosmiques cessèrent.

Aujourd'hui, Karl Jansky est reconnu comme le père de la radioastronomie. Son héritage est inscrit dans l'unité de densité de flux radio, le "Jansky" (Jy), qui porte son nom. Bien que les contributions de Jansky au domaine aient été brèves, leur impact sur l'astronomie a été profond, ouvrant un univers de connaissances pour les générations à venir.


Test Your Knowledge

Quiz: The Man Who Heard the Milky Way

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. What was Karl Jansky's initial task at Bell Telephone Laboratories?

a) To develop new communication technologies. b) To investigate the source of static interference in transatlantic radio communication. c) To study the behavior of radio waves in the atmosphere. d) To design antennas for radio telescopes.

Answer

b) To investigate the source of static interference in transatlantic radio communication.

2. What unique characteristic of the hiss that Jansky discovered led him to believe it originated from space?

a) The hiss was constant throughout the day. b) The hiss was unusually loud. c) The hiss followed a pattern of intensity related to the Earth's rotation. d) The hiss was only audible at night.

Answer

c) The hiss followed a pattern of intensity related to the Earth's rotation.

3. Why were Jansky's initial findings met with skepticism?

a) Jansky lacked proper scientific training. b) The technology used was not considered reliable. c) Astronomers at the time believed the universe was primarily composed of visible light. d) The discovery was too revolutionary to be readily accepted.

Answer

c) Astronomers at the time believed the universe was primarily composed of visible light.

4. What groundbreaking impact did Jansky's discovery have on astronomy?

a) It proved the existence of other galaxies beyond our own. b) It led to the development of the first space telescopes. c) It opened up a new field of study: radio astronomy. d) It confirmed the existence of black holes.

Answer

c) It opened up a new field of study: radio astronomy.

5. What is the unit of radio flux density named in honor of Karl Jansky?

a) Hertz (Hz) b) Jansky (Jy) c) Watt (W) d) Kelvin (K)

Answer

b) Jansky (Jy)

Exercise: Radio Astronomy Timeline

Instructions: Create a timeline of key events in the development of radio astronomy, starting with Jansky's discovery in 1931. Include at least five key milestones, such as the construction of the first dedicated radio telescope or the discovery of important celestial objects like pulsars.

Note: You may need to research these milestones beyond the provided text.

Exercice Correction

Possible timeline milestones:

  • **1931:** Karl Jansky discovers radio waves emitted from the Milky Way.
  • **1937:** Grote Reber builds the first dedicated radio telescope.
  • **1940s-1950s:** Post-World War II, radio astronomy rapidly advances with new technology and discoveries like the Cygnus A galaxy.
  • **1967:** Jocelyn Bell Burnell discovers pulsars, rapidly rotating neutron stars.
  • **1965:** Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detect the cosmic microwave background radiation, a relic of the Big Bang.
  • **Present:** Radio telescopes continue to be crucial for studying the universe, with advancements like the Very Large Array and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array.


Books

  • "The Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe" by Simon Singh: This book provides a comprehensive history of cosmology, including the early days of radio astronomy and Jansky's discovery.
  • "The Universe in a Nutshell" by Stephen Hawking: This classic text explores the fundamental principles of cosmology, including the role of radio astronomy in understanding the universe.
  • "Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation" by J. Richard Bond & George Efstathiou: A deeper dive into the radio waves that reveal the echo of the Big Bang, drawing upon Jansky's pioneering work.
  • "Radio Astronomy" by John D. Kraus: This textbook covers the principles and history of radio astronomy, devoting a section to Jansky's seminal contribution.
  • "The Early History of Radio Astronomy" by J.S. Hey: Provides a detailed account of the development of radio astronomy, with a focus on Jansky's groundbreaking work.

Articles

  • "Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves" by J.S. Hey (Nature, 1971): A concise yet insightful article on Jansky's life and discovery.
  • "Karl Jansky and the Birth of Radio Astronomy" by John D. Kraus (Sky & Telescope, 1967): A thorough account of Jansky's life and work, written by a prominent radio astronomer.
  • "The Discovery of Radio Waves from the Milky Way: A Story of Serendipity and Perseverance" by G.R. Burbidge (American Scientist, 1972): Highlights the significance of Jansky's discovery in the context of astronomical history.

Online Resources

  • National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO): https://www.nrao.edu/ A comprehensive resource for information on radio astronomy, including Jansky's story.
  • American Physical Society (APS): https://www.aps.org/ The APS website provides access to articles and resources on the history of physics, including Jansky's contributions.
  • NASA Science: https://science.nasa.gov/ NASA's website has information on radio astronomy and Jansky's discovery.

Search Tips

  • "Karl Jansky radio astronomy" : This will return a wide range of articles and resources about Jansky and his work.
  • "Karl Jansky discovery" : This will focus on information about Jansky's groundbreaking discovery of radio waves from the Milky Way.
  • "Jansky unit radio astronomy" : This will help you find information about the "Jansky" unit, named in Jansky's honor.
  • "history of radio astronomy" : This will provide a broader context for Jansky's work and the evolution of radio astronomy.

Techniques

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