Astronomes

Apian, Peter Bienewitz

Pierre Apian : L'homme qui a reconnu en premier l'influence du soleil sur les comètes

Pierre Apian, né Peter Bienewitz en 1495, était un astronome, mathématicien et cartographe de premier plan de la Renaissance. Sa vie et son œuvre étaient profondément liées aux merveilles célestes de son époque, notamment l'observation et l'étude des comètes. Bien qu'il soit connu pour ses contributions à la cartographie et aux études mathématiques, l'héritage d'Apian en tant qu'astronome est solidement établi par ses observations révolutionnaires des comètes, en particulier sa découverte de l'influence du soleil sur leurs queues.

Apian, qui est devenu professeur de mathématiques à Ingolstadt, en Allemagne, a méticuleusement enregistré ses observations de phénomènes célestes. Il a documenté un total de cinq comètes au cours de sa vie, observant méticuleusement leurs mouvements et leurs caractéristiques. Sa découverte la plus remarquable, cependant, a été l'orientation constante des queues cométaires. Grâce à ses observations, Apian a été le premier à établir de manière définitive que les queues de comètes pointent toujours **loin** du soleil.

Cette découverte révolutionnaire, publiée dans son ouvrage de 1531 "Astronomicum Caesareum", a remis en question la croyance dominante selon laquelle les comètes étaient simplement des phénomènes atmosphériques. Le travail d'Apian, à travers ses observations détaillées et son analyse minutieuse, a fourni la première preuve concrète suggérant une relation entre les comètes et le soleil.

L'une des comètes qu'Apian a observées en 1531, maintenant connue sous le nom de comète de Halley, a une importance particulière. Les enregistrements détaillés d'Apian de ce visiteur céleste, combinés à ceux d'autres astronomes, ont permis à Edmond Halley de l'identifier comme étant la même comète observée en 1607 et 1682. Cette identification s'est avérée cruciale pour établir le concept de périodicité cométaire, ouvrant la voie à notre compréhension de ces corps célestes.

L'héritage d'Apian s'étend au-delà de ses observations révolutionnaires des comètes. Il était un cartographe compétent, créant des cartes méticuleusement détaillées qui ont fait progresser le domaine de la géographie. Ses contributions mathématiques, en particulier ses travaux sur les cadrans solaires et les instruments astronomiques, ont encore cimenté sa réputation de savant de premier plan de son temps.

Cependant, ce sont ses contributions à la science cométaire qui constituent son héritage le plus durable. Les observations méticuleuses d'Apian et sa découverte de l'influence du soleil sur les comètes ont jeté les bases des recherches astronomiques futures et ont contribué à remodeler notre compréhension de l'univers. Son héritage continue d'inspirer les astronomes et les scientifiques aujourd'hui, alors qu'ils s'efforcent de percer les mystères de ces visiteurs célestes et de faire progresser notre connaissance du cosmos.


Test Your Knowledge

Quiz: Peter Apian and Comets

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. What was Peter Apian's birth name? a) Peter Apian b) Peter Bienewitz c) Edmond Halley d) Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer

b) Peter Bienewitz

2. In what field did Peter Apian become a professor? a) Astronomy b) Cartography c) Mathematics d) All of the above

Answer

d) All of the above

3. What did Peter Apian discover about comet tails? a) They are always the same length. b) They are always oriented towards the sun. c) They are always oriented away from the sun. d) They are always invisible during the day.

Answer

c) They are always oriented away from the sun.

4. Which of the following comets did Peter Apian observe? a) Halley's Comet b) Shoemaker-Levy 9 c) Hale-Bopp d) Hyakutake

Answer

a) Halley's Comet

5. Apian's observations of comets challenged the prevailing belief that they were: a) celestial bodies b) atmospheric phenomena c) signs of divine wrath d) sources of bad luck

Answer

b) atmospheric phenomena

Exercise: Apian's Legacy

Task: Research and briefly describe one of Peter Apian's other notable contributions to science, besides his work on comets. This could be in cartography, mathematics, or any other field he was known for. Include a specific example of his work in your description.

Exercice Correction

Here are some possible examples you could have chosen:

**1. Cartography:** Apian created detailed and accurate maps, including the "Cosmographia" which featured world maps, regional maps, and illustrations of astronomical instruments. His maps were highly influential and contributed to the advancement of geographical knowledge during the Renaissance.

**2. Mathematics:** Apian developed a method for constructing sundials and wrote extensively on their use. He also devised innovative mathematical tools, like the "Apian's quadrant" which was a tool for measuring celestial angles.

**3. Astronomy:** Beyond his comet research, Apian contributed to the development of astronomical instruments and theories about celestial bodies. He made observations of planetary movements and eclipses, which helped to refine our understanding of the solar system.

Your answer should have included a description of one of these areas, along with a specific example of Apian's work within that field.


Books

  • "Peter Apian: The Astronomer, Cartographer, and Mathematician" by E.B. Knobel: A detailed biography of Apian covering his life, work, and contributions to various fields.
  • "Astronomicum Caesareum" by Peter Apian: Apian's landmark work published in 1531, containing his observations of comets and other celestial phenomena, including the definitive statement on the orientation of cometary tails.
  • "A History of Cometary Astronomy" by Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan: This book provides a comprehensive overview of cometary observations throughout history, highlighting Apian's contributions.
  • "The History of Astronomy" by A.P. Cooke: Another comprehensive history of astronomy that includes a section on Apian and his work on comets.

Articles

  • "Peter Apian and the Comets of 1531" by John L. Russell: A detailed analysis of Apian's observations of the comets of 1531, including his discovery of the sun's influence on cometary tails.
  • "Peter Apian's Contribution to the Study of Comets" by A.J. Meadows: A general overview of Apian's contributions to cometary science, highlighting his pioneering work in observing and analyzing these celestial bodies.
  • "Peter Apian and the Development of Cartography" by Robert K. Headrick: While not solely focused on comets, this article explores Apian's significant contributions to the field of cartography.

Online Resources

  • The Galileo Project: This online resource provides detailed information about Apian's life, work, and contributions to various fields, including astronomy, cartography, and mathematics. (https://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/)
  • The Apian Collection at the University of Vienna: The University of Vienna houses a significant collection of Apian's works, including his "Astronomicum Caesareum." Information on the collection can be found on the university's website.
  • "Peter Apian: Astronomer, Cartographer, and Mathematician" by the National Library of Medicine: This online exhibit showcases Apian's life and work with a particular focus on his contributions to astronomy. (https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/peterapian/exhibition.html)

Search Tips

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  • Specify search parameters: Use "site:edu" to focus your search on educational websites, "site:gov" for government websites, or "filetype:pdf" to find PDF documents.
  • Explore related topics: Look into related topics like Renaissance astronomy, cometary observations, cartography, and mathematics to discover more relevant information.
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