Astronomes

Anaxagoras

Anaxagore : L'astronome qui osa remettre en question les dieux

Anaxagore, philosophe et astronome grec, vécut de 500 à 428 avant J.-C. Né à Clazomènes, en Ionie, il s'installa à Athènes et devint un ami proche du puissant homme d'État Périclès. Ce lien, comme il s'avéra, s'avérerait crucial pour sa survie.

Anaxagore était un penseur audacieux qui remettait en question les vues religieuses dominantes de son époque. Il osait affirmer que le Soleil, auparavant considéré comme une divinité, était en fait une "pierre flamboyante" plus grande que le Péloponnèse, la péninsule où se situait Athènes. Il proposa également que la Lune, un autre corps céleste vénéré comme une déesse, n'était pas une sphère parfaite mais possédait des plaines, des vallées et des montagnes, tout comme la Terre.

Ces idées révolutionnaires, qui divergeaient de la mythologie grecque traditionnelle, ont mis en colère les chefs religieux et certains citoyens athéniens. Anaxagore a été accusé d'impiété et a fait face à un procès, risquant potentiellement l'exécution pour ses convictions. Cependant, grâce à l'influence de Périclès, il a simplement été banni d'Athènes.

Bien que les opinions d'Anaxagore sur le Soleil et la Lune se soient avérées incorrectes, ses idées révolutionnaires ont marqué un tournant important dans la pensée astronomique. En proposant que les corps célestes ne soient pas des êtres divins mais plutôt des objets physiques soumis aux lois naturelles, il a ouvert la voie à une compréhension plus scientifique de l'univers.

Son influence sur les astronomes ultérieurs est indéniable. Ses théories sur les caractéristiques physiques de la Lune et la nature du Soleil ont servi de tremplins pour les générations futures. L'histoire d'Anaxagore témoigne du pouvoir durable de la curiosité intellectuelle et du courage qu'il faut pour remettre en question les dogmes établis, même face à la persécution.


Test Your Knowledge

Anaxagoras Quiz

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. Where was Anaxagoras born? (a) Athens (b) Clazomenae (c) Sparta (d) Alexandria

Answer

(b) Clazomenae

2. What was Anaxagoras's profession? (a) Poet (b) Sculptor (c) Philosopher and Astronomer (d) General

Answer

(c) Philosopher and Astronomer

3. What significant connection did Anaxagoras have with a powerful figure? (a) He was a close friend of the Emperor Augustus (b) He was the tutor of Plato (c) He was a close friend of the statesman Pericles (d) He was the advisor to Alexander the Great

Answer

(c) He was a close friend of the statesman Pericles

4. What was Anaxagoras's revolutionary idea about the Sun? (a) It was a ball of fire (b) It was a god (c) It was a blazing stone larger than the Peloponnesus (d) It was a chariot driven across the sky

Answer

(c) It was a blazing stone larger than the Peloponnesus

5. Why was Anaxagoras accused of impiety? (a) He denied the existence of gods (b) He claimed to be a god (c) He challenged the prevailing religious views about celestial bodies (d) He stole from the temple

Answer

(c) He challenged the prevailing religious views about celestial bodies

Anaxagoras Exercise

Imagine you are a young Athenian citizen living during the time of Anaxagoras. Write a short diary entry describing your thoughts and feelings about his controversial ideas. Consider what you think about his theories, how they might affect your beliefs, and how you feel about the potential consequences for him.

Exercise Correction

There is no single "correct" answer for this exercise. Here's an example of a possible diary entry:

"Today, I heard the most outrageous things! Anaxagoras, that strange philosopher, claims the Sun is not a god but just a blazing stone. And the Moon, a goddess we all worship, is just a plain, bumpy rock! I can't believe my ears! How dare he say such things? He claims the Sun is bigger than the Peloponnesus! Imagine! It's like the whole world is going to fall apart! Everyone is talking about it. Some are angry, others are scared. I don't know what to believe. They say he's been accused of impiety, but I hope nothing terrible happens to him. His words made me think, even if they are wrong, but they also made me fear the anger of the gods."


Books

  • A History of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to Aristotle by W.K.C. Guthrie - Provides a comprehensive overview of Anaxagoras' philosophy within the context of early Greek thought.
  • The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts by G.S. Kirk and J.E. Raven - This book includes detailed analysis and translations of Anaxagoras' surviving fragments.
  • Anaxagoras and the Birth of Scientific Thought by James G. Lennox - A dedicated work that examines Anaxagoras' contributions to the development of scientific thinking.
  • The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Philosophy edited by Charles Brittain - Offers essays on various aspects of ancient Greek philosophy, including a section on Anaxagoras.

Articles

  • "Anaxagoras: The Mind of the Universe" by David Sedley - An overview of Anaxagoras' ideas and their significance in the history of philosophy.
  • "Anaxagoras' Theory of Mind and the Nature of Nous" by Richard McKirahan - Focuses on Anaxagoras' concept of "Nous" and its role in his philosophy.
  • "The Influence of Anaxagoras on Later Astronomers" by Richard P. Brinkley - Discusses how Anaxagoras' theories impacted the development of astronomy.

Online Resources


Search Tips

  • "Anaxagoras" + "philosophy": Find articles and resources focusing on his philosophical ideas.
  • "Anaxagoras" + "astronomy": Explore his contributions to astronomy and the impact of his theories.
  • "Anaxagoras" + "fragments": Locate translated fragments of his writings that survive to this day.
  • "Anaxagoras" + "trial": Research the details of his trial for impiety and its historical significance.

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