Cost Estimation & Control

Variance

Understanding Variance in Cost Estimation & Control

In the realm of project management, variance is a critical concept that plays a crucial role in cost estimation and control. It essentially represents the difference between the planned and actual performance of a project. This difference can be expressed in terms of cost, schedule, or resource utilization.

The Heart of Variance Analysis:

Variance analysis is the process of identifying and analyzing these discrepancies. It helps project managers understand why deviations from the original plan have occurred. This knowledge, in turn, enables them to make informed decisions regarding corrective actions, resource allocation, and overall project management.

Types of Variance:

  • Cost Variance: The difference between the budgeted cost and the actual cost incurred. A positive variance indicates that the project is spending less than anticipated, while a negative variance suggests overspending.
  • Schedule Variance: The difference between the planned completion date and the actual completion date. A positive variance indicates that the project is ahead of schedule, while a negative variance signifies delays.
  • Resource Variance: The difference between the planned resource allocation and the actual resource used. This can include variations in labor hours, materials, or equipment.

The Importance of Baseline:

The concept of variance hinges on the existence of a baseline. The baseline is a comprehensive plan outlining the project's scope, timeline, budget, and resource allocation. It serves as a benchmark against which actual performance is compared.

Understanding the "Why" Behind Variance:

When variances are identified, the next crucial step is to understand the underlying causes. This may involve factors like:

  • Unforeseen circumstances: Changes in market conditions, unexpected delays, or natural disasters.
  • Inefficient planning: Poorly defined scope, inadequate resource estimation, or unrealistic deadlines.
  • Performance issues: Inefficient work practices, lack of motivation, or skill gaps.

Managing Variance for Project Success:

Effective variance management is essential for successful project completion. It involves:

  • Monitoring and tracking: Regularly monitoring project performance against the baseline to identify variances promptly.
  • Analysis and interpretation: Understanding the root causes of variances and their potential impact on the project.
  • Corrective actions: Implementing appropriate measures to address variances and bring the project back on track.
  • Communication and transparency: Maintaining open communication with stakeholders regarding project progress and any identified variances.

In Conclusion:

Variance analysis is a powerful tool for project managers to monitor, control, and optimize project performance. By understanding the difference between planned and actual performance, they can make informed decisions that ensure projects are completed on time, within budget, and to the desired quality standards.


Test Your Knowledge

Quiz: Understanding Variance in Cost Estimation & Control

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. What does variance represent in project management? a) The difference between planned and actual performance. b) The total cost of a project. c) The amount of time a project is ahead of schedule. d) The number of resources used on a project.

Answer

a) The difference between planned and actual performance.

2. Which of the following is NOT a type of variance? a) Cost Variance b) Schedule Variance c) Resource Variance d) Risk Variance

Answer

d) Risk Variance

3. What is the primary purpose of variance analysis? a) To determine the project's budget. b) To identify and analyze deviations from the original plan. c) To create a comprehensive project plan. d) To assess the overall risk of a project.

Answer

b) To identify and analyze deviations from the original plan.

4. A positive cost variance indicates that the project is: a) Overspending. b) Underspending. c) On budget. d) Behind schedule.

Answer

b) Underspending.

5. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can contribute to variance? a) Unforeseen circumstances. b) Efficient planning. c) Performance issues. d) Changes in project scope.

Answer

b) Efficient planning. (Efficient planning would *reduce* variance)

Exercise: Variance Analysis Scenario

Scenario: A project manager is reviewing the performance of a software development project. The initial budget was $100,000, and the project was expected to be completed in 12 weeks. After 6 weeks, the actual cost incurred is $65,000, and the team is only 40% complete with the project.

Task:

  1. Calculate the cost variance and schedule variance.
  2. Interpret the results. Are there any areas of concern?
  3. Suggest at least two possible causes for the variances.
  4. What steps might the project manager take to address these variances?

Exercice Correction

**1. Variance Calculation:** * **Cost Variance:** Actual Cost - Budgeted Cost = $65,000 - ($100,000 / 2) = $15,000 (Negative) * **Schedule Variance:** Actual Completion - Planned Completion = 40% - 50% = -10% (Negative) **2. Interpretation:** * The negative cost variance indicates that the project is overspending. * The negative schedule variance indicates that the project is behind schedule. **3. Possible Causes:** * **Inadequate resource estimation:** The initial estimate for development time may have been too optimistic. * **Scope creep:** Changes to the project scope may have been added without adjusting the budget or timeline. **4. Steps to Address Variances:** * **Re-evaluate the budget:** The project manager needs to re-evaluate the budget and explore ways to reduce costs. * **Analyze project scope:** The project scope needs to be reviewed to ensure it's realistic and manageable. * **Re-allocate resources:** The project manager may need to re-allocate resources or adjust timelines to get the project back on track. * **Communicate with stakeholders:** The project manager needs to communicate the current situation and potential solutions to the stakeholders.


Books

  • Project Management Institute (PMI). (2021). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – Seventh Edition. Project Management Institute. This foundational text for project management covers variance analysis comprehensively, providing a thorough explanation of its importance, types, and applications.
  • Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons. This comprehensive guide offers a deep dive into project management, including detailed chapters on cost control and variance analysis.
  • Meredith, J. R., & Mantel, S. J. (2017). Project Management: A Managerial Approach. John Wiley & Sons. Another widely used project management textbook, providing a clear explanation of variance analysis with real-world examples.

Articles

  • "Understanding Variance Analysis in Project Management" by ProjectManager.com - This article provides a beginner-friendly explanation of variance analysis, covering its key components and benefits.
  • "Variance Analysis: A Tool for Project Success" by The Balance Small Business - This resource offers a practical guide to conducting variance analysis, including steps and examples for effective implementation.
  • "Project Variance Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide" by Smartsheet - This article provides a detailed overview of variance analysis, covering its different types, how to calculate variance, and how to use it for decision-making.

Online Resources

  • Project Management Institute (PMI) website: This website provides a wealth of information on project management, including resources on variance analysis and cost control.
  • ProjectManager.com: This website offers a variety of articles, templates, and tools related to project management, including variance analysis.
  • Smartsheet: This online platform provides project management tools, including templates for variance analysis, and offers helpful resources on the topic.

Search Tips

  • "Variance analysis project management" - This search phrase will return results focused on the concept of variance in the context of project management.
  • "Cost variance calculation example" - This phrase will provide resources with examples of how to calculate cost variance and interpret the results.
  • "Variance analysis template excel" - This search will help you find spreadsheet templates to track and analyze variance within your projects.

Techniques

Similar Terms
Cost Estimation & Control
Project Planning & Scheduling
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