Microorganisms in Oil & Gas: Specific Terms

Microorganisms play a significant role in the oil and gas industry, both positively and negatively. Here's a breakdown of specific terms related to their use:

1. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR):

• Definition: MEOR refers to the use of microorganisms to enhance oil recovery from reservoirs.
• How it works: Microorganisms can modify the reservoir environment in ways that improve oil flow, such as:
  • Bio-surfactant production: Microbes can produce surfactants that lower the surface tension of oil, allowing it to move more easily through the reservoir.
  • Gas production: Some microbes can produce gases like CO2, which can enhance oil recovery by increasing pressure and displacing oil.
  • Bio-polymer production: Microbes can produce polymers that can help to reduce water mobility and increase oil mobility.
• Benefits: MEOR can be an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way to increase oil recovery.

2. Microbial Corrosion:

• Definition: This refers to the corrosion of metallic materials in oil and gas infrastructure caused by the activity of microorganisms.
• How it works: Microorganisms can produce corrosive byproducts like acids and sulfides that attack metal surfaces.
• Consequences: Microbial corrosion can lead to leaks, pipeline failures, and equipment damage, posing significant safety and environmental risks.

3. Souring:

• Definition: Souring refers to the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in oil and gas wells, pipelines, and processing facilities.
• How it works: Microorganisms called sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) convert sulfate ions in water to H2S.
• Consequences: H2S is a toxic and corrosive gas that can be harmful to human health and equipment.

4. Bioremediation:

• Definition: Bioremediation uses microorganisms to clean up oil spills and other environmental contamination.
• How it works: Microbes break down hydrocarbons in oil into less harmful components, contributing to soil and water remediation.
• Benefits: Bioremediation is a natural and sustainable approach to environmental cleanup.

5. Biofouling:

• Definition: Biofouling refers to the accumulation of microorganisms on the surfaces of equipment in oil and gas facilities.
• How it works: Microbes can form biofilms that can hinder production, increase corrosion, and reduce efficiency.
• Consequences: Biofouling can lead to equipment failure and decreased production.

6. Microbial Enhanced Gas Recovery (MEGR):

• Definition: Similar to MEOR, MEGR uses microorganisms to enhance the recovery of natural gas from reservoirs.
• How it works: Microorganisms can produce biogas like methane, which can increase the pressure and flow of natural gas.

7. Microbial Monitoring:

• Definition: Monitoring microbial activity in oil and gas operations is crucial to prevent problems like souring, corrosion, and biofouling.
• Methods: Various techniques are employed to monitor microbial populations, including:
  • Microscopic examination: Identifies different types of microorganisms present.
  • Culture methods: Growing microbes in controlled environments to identify their species and metabolic capabilities.
  • Molecular techniques: DNA analysis to identify specific microorganisms and assess their potential impact.

Understanding these specific terms related to microorganisms in oil and gas is crucial for managing production, mitigating risks, and ensuring environmental sustainability.