Saltation

Incorrect. Saltation refers to the movement of solid particles, not the flow of fluids.

Incorrect. Saltation involves the particles being lifted and moving, not settling.

Correct! Saltation is characterized by these short, jumping movements of particles.

Incorrect. While saltation can cause erosion, it's not the defining characteristic of the phenomenon.

Incorrect. Fluid velocity directly impacts the lifting force and therefore influences saltation.

Incorrect. Larger, denser particles require more energy to lift, affecting their saltation behavior.

Correct! While the material's strength influences erosion, it doesn't directly determine saltation occurrence.

Incorrect. These properties influence the fluid's ability to lift and transport particles.

Incorrect. Saltation can actually increase pressure drop and decrease efficiency.

Incorrect. Saltation doesn't contribute to purification processes.

Correct! The constant bombardment by saltating particles causes wear and tear.

Incorrect. Saltation is a negative phenomenon that can cause production issues.

Incorrect. Sand screens are a common technique for sand management.

Correct! Higher flow rates generally exacerbate saltation.

Incorrect. Smooth surfaces reduce the likelihood of particles being lifted.

Incorrect. Larger diameters help reduce the intensity of saltation.

Incorrect. While saltation affects flow, it's not the primary factor for flow rate prediction.

Correct! Understanding saltation allows for better control of sand production, pipeline integrity, and overall efficiency.

Incorrect. Saltation doesn't directly impact the quality of the extracted resources.

Incorrect. Saltation is primarily a phenomenon within the production system, not the reservoir itself.

**Analysis:**

• **High Fluid Velocity:** A velocity of 2 m/s is relatively high and increases the risk of saltation.
• **Particle Size:** 1 mm sand particles are within the range that can be easily lifted by the fluid flow.
• **Pipeline Material:** While steel is strong, it's still susceptible to erosion from saltating particles.

Based on these factors, there's a significant risk of saltation occurring in this pipeline.

**Mitigation Measures:**

• **Fluid Velocity Control:** Reducing the flow rate to achieve a lower velocity (e.g., 1.5 m/s) could significantly decrease the likelihood of saltation.
• **Pipeline Design:** * **Smooth Surfaces:** Implementing a smooth internal lining in the pipeline can reduce the lifting force on the sand particles. * **Larger Diameter:** While the current 1-meter diameter is reasonable, considering a slightly larger diameter could help to further reduce the velocity and impact of sand particles.
• **Sand Management:** * **Sand Screens:** Installing sand screens at strategic locations along the pipeline can trap larger particles before they reach the main flow path. * **Sand Traps:** Incorporating sand traps at specific locations can allow for controlled settling of sand particles, preventing their transport through the entire pipeline.