في عالم استخراج النفط والغاز، يلعب التكسير الهيدروليكي دورًا حاسمًا في تحرير الهيدروكربونات المحاصرة. هذه العملية، التي يشار إليها غالبًا باسم "التكسير"، تتضمن حقن سوائل عالية الضغط في بئر لإنشاء كسور في تكوين الصخور المحيطة، مما يسمح بتدفق النفط والغاز. بينما يحدث التكسير عمومًا عموديًا على أدنى إجهاد رئيسي، هناك أوقات تنحرف فيها الكسور عن هذا المسار المتوقع، مما يؤدي إلى ظاهرة تُعرف باسم **مستويات الكسر المفضلة غير المجهدة**.
غالبًا ما تحدث مستويات الكسر المفضلة غير المجهدة في المواقف التي:
مستويات الكسر المفضلة غير المجهدة هي جانب جذاب ومعقد من التكسير الهيدروليكي. فهم العوامل التي تدفع هذه الانحرافات عن نمط الكسر المتوقع أمر بالغ الأهمية لضمان إنتاج النفط والغاز بأمان وفعالية. من خلال الاستفادة من التقنيات المتقدمة واعتماد أفضل الممارسات، يمكن لصناعة النفط والغاز إدارة هذه التحديات وإطلاق العنان لإمكانات الخزانات غير التقليدية بالكامل.
Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.
1. What is the primary factor that typically dictates the direction of fracture propagation in hydraulic fracturing?
a) The direction of the wellbore b) The least principal stress direction c) The type of rock formation d) The amount of fracturing fluid injected
b) The least principal stress direction
2. Which of the following techniques can lead to non-stress preferred fracture planes?
a) Conventional hydraulic fracturing b) Explosive fracturing c) Waterflooding d) Acidizing
b) Explosive fracturing
3. How can non-stress preferred fracture planes impact oil and gas recovery?
a) They always decrease production rates. b) They can increase the surface area exposed to the reservoir, potentially leading to higher production rates. c) They have no impact on production rates. d) They always lead to environmental concerns.
b) They can increase the surface area exposed to the reservoir, potentially leading to higher production rates.
4. What is a potential challenge associated with non-stress preferred fracture planes?
a) Difficulty in accurately mapping and modeling the reservoir b) Increased production costs c) Reduced wellbore integrity d) All of the above
a) Difficulty in accurately mapping and modeling the reservoir
5. Which of the following is NOT a strategy for managing non-stress preferred fracture planes?
a) Using advanced modeling techniques to predict fracture behavior b) Increasing the volume of fracturing fluid injected c) Monitoring fracture growth using microseismic analysis d) Optimizing hydraulic fracturing operations
b) Increasing the volume of fracturing fluid injected
Scenario:
You are an engineer working on a hydraulic fracturing project in an area with complex geological structures. During the fracturing operation, you observe that fractures are deviating from the expected path, suggesting the presence of non-stress preferred fracture planes.
Task:
**Potential contributing factors:** 1. **Complex geological structures:** The presence of faults, fractures, or highly heterogeneous rock formations can influence fracture propagation and lead to deviations from the expected path. 2. **High fluid pressure:** If the pressure of the fracturing fluid significantly exceeds the pressure exerted by the least principal stress, fractures may be driven in directions other than perpendicular to the minimum stress. 3. **Stress anisotropy:** Variations in stress distribution within the rock formation can create localized areas where the direction of minimum stress deviates from the overall trend, potentially leading to non-stress preferred fracture planes. **Actions to mitigate non-stress preferred fracture planes:** 1. **Refine fracture design:** Utilize advanced modeling techniques to account for the specific geological structures and stress field in the area. This might involve incorporating geological data, seismic surveys, and stress-field measurements into the model to better predict fracture behavior and optimize fracture placement. 2. **Optimize fracturing operations:** Carefully control fracturing fluid volume, pressure, and injection rate. A more gradual and controlled injection process might help to minimize the influence of factors that contribute to non-stress preferred fracture development. This could involve adjusting injection rates based on real-time monitoring data.
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