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معجم المصطلحات الفنية مستعمل في Drilling & Well Completion: Heel

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Heel

كعب البئر: منطقة الدفع الأقرب إلى الغلاف في البئر المنحرف

في عالم استكشاف النفط والغاز، يشير مصطلح "الكعب" إلى ميزة جيولوجية محددة ذات صلة بالآبار المنحرفة للغاية. وهو يمثل منطقة الدفع الأقرب إلى غلاف البئر.

فهم "الكعب"

تخيل حفر بئر لا يكون مستقيمًا لأسفل، بل ينحرف بشكل ملحوظ، ليصل إلى مخزن الهدف بزاوية. هذا هو البئر المنحرف، والذي غالبًا ما يتم استخدامه للوصول إلى المخازن التي يصعب الوصول إليها باستخدام الحفر الرأسي التقليدي.

يُعدّ الكعب هو النقطة التي يدخل فيها بئر البئر أولاً إلى منطقة الدفع. ولأنّ بئر البئر يكون بزاوية، يقع الكعب بالقرب من الغلاف، وهو الأنبوب الواقي الذي يُبطن البئر. عندما تستمر بئر البئر في مسارها المنحرف، تترك الكعب خلفها وتتقدم عبر منطقة الدفع.

أهمية الكعب

يلعب الكعب دورًا مهمًا في إنتاج النفط والغاز:

  • وصول المخزن: فهم موقع الكعب أمر ضروري لتحسين الإنتاج من البئر. فهو يسمح للمهندسين بالتنبؤ بدقة بأنماط تدفق السوائل وتوسيع إنتاجية البئر إلى أقصى حد.
  • توزيع السوائل: غالبًا ما يكون الكعب هو أول منطقة تشهد انخفاضًا في ضغط المخزن بسبب قربه من بئر البئر. ويؤثر ذلك على كيفية تحرك السوائل (النفط والغاز والماء) عبر المخزن ويؤثر على معدلات الإنتاج.
  • توصيف المخزن: دراسة سلوك الإنتاج عند الكعب يمكن أن توفر رؤى قيّمة حول خصائص المخزن بشكل عام، مثل النفاذية والمسامية. وتساعد هذه المعلومات في تحسين استراتيجيات الإنتاج.
  • تحسين الإنتاج: من خلال فهم ديناميكيات الكعب، يمكن للمهندسين ضبط معلمات الإنتاج، مثل معدلات التدفق وضغط رأس البئر، لتحسين استخراج النفط والغاز من البئر المنحرف.

الآثار المترتبة على الحفر والإنتاج

يُعدّ مفهوم الكعب مهمًا بشكل خاص في الآبار المنحرفة للغاية لأن:

  • زيادة التعقيد: نظرًا لزاوية البئر، تكون ديناميكيات الضغط والتدفق عند الكعب أكثر تعقيدًا من الآبار الرأسية.
  • احتمالية إنتاج الماء: غالبًا ما يكون الكعب أقرب إلى الاتصال بين الماء والنفط (الحد الفاصل بين منطقة النفط ومنطقة الماء)، مما يزيد من مخاطر إنتاج الماء في وقت مبكر من عمر البئر.
  • التحديات في الإنتاج: قرب الكعب من الغلاف يمكن أن يسبب تحديات في إكمال البئر والإنتاج، مما يتطلب تقنيات ومعدات متخصصة.

خاتمة

يُعدّ "الكعب" في استكشاف النفط والغاز عنصرًا أساسيًا في فهم سلوك إنتاج الآبار المنحرفة. يؤثر موقعه وخصائصه بشكل كبير على إنتاجية البئر، وتوصيف المخزن، وتحسين الإنتاج. من خلال تحليل الكعب بدقة وفهم دوره، يمكن للمهندسين ضمان استرداد أقصى قدر من الهيدروكربونات من هذه الآبار المعقدة.

Test Your Knowledge

Quiz: Understanding the Heel in Deviated Wells

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. What is the "heel" in a deviated well?

a) The point where the wellbore first enters the pay zone.

b) The deepest point of the wellbore.

c) The area of the pay zone farthest from the casing.

d) The point where the wellbore transitions from vertical to deviated.

Answer

a) The point where the wellbore first enters the pay zone.

2. Why is the heel important in a deviated well?

a) It determines the well's total length.

b) It helps predict fluid flow patterns and optimize production.

c) It indicates the depth of the reservoir.

d) It helps determine the well's vertical depth.

Answer

b) It helps predict fluid flow patterns and optimize production.

3. Which of the following is NOT a challenge associated with the heel in a deviated well?

a) Increased complexity in well completion.

b) Potential for water production early in the well's life.

c) Difficulty in determining the well's horizontal reach.

d) Challenges in production due to its proximity to the casing.

Answer

c) Difficulty in determining the well's horizontal reach.

4. How does the heel's proximity to the casing affect production?

a) It increases the well's overall productivity.

b) It can lead to premature pressure decline in the reservoir.

c) It makes the well less susceptible to water production.

d) It makes it easier to monitor reservoir pressure.

Answer

b) It can lead to premature pressure decline in the reservoir.

5. What information can be gained by studying the production behavior at the heel?

a) The well's total cost.

b) The reservoir's permeability and porosity.

c) The well's trajectory.

d) The well's vertical depth.

Answer

b) The reservoir's permeability and porosity.

Exercise: Analyzing Heel Dynamics

Scenario: An oil well is drilled with a significant deviation angle. The wellbore first enters the pay zone at a depth of 2,500 meters. The heel is located 100 meters from the casing, and the wellbore continues to deviate further into the reservoir.

Task:

  1. Draw a simple diagram illustrating the wellbore, the heel, and the casing.
  2. Explain how the heel's proximity to the casing might affect production in this scenario.
  3. Discuss potential strategies for optimizing production from this well, considering the heel's dynamics.

Exercise Correction

**1. Diagram:**

The diagram should illustrate a deviated wellbore with the casing extending vertically down. The heel is marked as the point where the wellbore first enters the pay zone, located 100 meters away from the casing. The wellbore then continues its deviated path, moving further away from the casing.

**2. Production Impact:**

The heel's proximity to the casing can cause several issues for production:

  • Pressure Decline: The heel, being closer to the wellbore, will experience faster pressure depletion than other parts of the reservoir. This can impact production rates and potentially lead to premature water production.
  • Fluid Flow Patterns: The angled wellbore and the heel's position can create complex flow patterns, affecting the distribution of oil, gas, and water.
  • Well Completion Challenges: The proximity of the heel to the casing can make well completion operations more challenging, requiring specialized techniques and equipment.

**3. Optimization Strategies:**

Strategies to optimize production from this well, considering the heel's dynamics, could include:

  • Artificial Lift: Using methods like gas lift or electric submersible pumps to maintain pressure in the heel and optimize production.
  • Production Optimization: Adjusting production rates and wellhead pressure to manage pressure drawdown in the heel area.
  • Reservoir Stimulation: Techniques like acidizing or fracturing to enhance reservoir permeability near the heel, improving fluid flow.
  • Monitoring and Analysis: Implementing a comprehensive monitoring system to track pressure changes, fluid production rates, and other parameters to analyze the heel's influence on production.

These strategies should be carefully evaluated and implemented based on the specific reservoir characteristics and well conditions.

Books

  • Reservoir Engineering Handbook by Tarek Ahmed (2018) - This comprehensive handbook covers various aspects of reservoir engineering, including deviated wells and production optimization.
  • Petroleum Engineering: Principles and Practices by John M. Campbell (2016) - This textbook provides a detailed overview of petroleum engineering principles, including drilling, completion, and production.
  • Drilling Engineering by Robert E. Krueger (2008) - Focuses on the engineering aspects of drilling, including wellbore trajectory, directional drilling, and well completion.

Articles

  • "Wellbore Trajectory and Production Optimization in Deviated Wells" by Mohammad Amin Nasseri et al. (2023) - This research article discusses the impact of wellbore trajectory on production performance, particularly focusing on the heel and its implications.
  • "Challenges in Production from Highly Deviated Wells" by Andrew J. Watson et al. (2019) - Examines the specific challenges encountered in producing from deviated wells, including fluid distribution and well completion.
  • "Reservoir Characterization and Production Simulation for Deviated Wells" by David A. Thomas et al. (2018) - This paper explores how reservoir characterization and simulation techniques can be adapted for deviated wells, considering the heel's influence.

Online Resources

  • SPE (Society of Petroleum Engineers): The SPE website offers a wealth of resources, including research papers, technical presentations, and industry events related to drilling and production, including deviated wells. Search for keywords like "heel," "deviated well," "wellbore trajectory," and "production optimization."
  • OnePetro: OnePetro provides access to a vast library of technical articles and papers from various industry sources. Search for relevant keywords related to deviated wells and production optimization.
  • Oil & Gas Journal (OGJ): This industry publication features articles and news related to oil and gas exploration and production. Search for articles discussing deviated well technologies and challenges.

Search Tips

  • Use specific keywords like "heel," "deviated well," "wellbore trajectory," "production optimization," "reservoir characterization," and "water production."
  • Combine keywords with phrases like "oil and gas," "petroleum engineering," "drilling," "completion," and "production."
  • Utilize Boolean operators ("AND", "OR," "NOT") to refine your search. For example, "heel AND deviated wells" or "production optimization NOT vertical wells."
  • Search for PDF documents to find research papers and technical reports.
  • Explore the "Advanced Search" options on Google to further narrow your search by date, language, and file type.
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