Geiger-Mueller Counter

b) Electromagnetic radiation

c) Monitoring the heat generated by radioactive decay

c) Measuring the pressure of natural gas pipelines

a) They can only measure radiation from specific isotopes

c) Relatively low cost and ease of use

**1. Steps using the GM counter:** * **Calibration:** Ensure the GM counter is calibrated properly using a known radiation source to confirm accurate readings. * **Safety Precautions:** Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as a dosimeter to monitor individual exposure levels. * **Measurement Points:** Identify strategic locations at the site with potential contamination, including drilling mud storage, equipment, and surrounding soil. * **Procedure:** Follow the manufacturer's instructions for operating the GM counter. This usually involves turning the counter on, selecting the appropriate measurement mode, and placing the probe near the suspected contamination area. * **Data Recording:** Record the readings obtained from the GM counter at each location, along with the time and date of measurement. **2. Interpreting Readings:** * **Background Radiation:** First, establish a baseline reading by taking measurements in areas known to have minimal radiation, this is called background radiation. * **Elevated Readings:** Compare the readings obtained at the contaminated areas to the background level. Higher readings indicate potential contamination. * **Units of Measurement:** The readings are usually expressed in counts per minute (CPM) or microsieverts per hour (µSv/h). Refer to regulatory guidelines for permissible limits. **3. Potential Risks and Recommendations:** * **Low-Level Radiation:** If the readings are slightly elevated above background levels, consider potential sources and assess if it requires further investigation or if it can be managed with standard safety procedures. * **Elevated Radiation Levels:** If the readings are significantly higher than background levels, take immediate action: * **Evacuate the area:** Remove personnel from the contaminated area and isolate it. * **Contact Authorities:** Inform regulatory agencies and emergency responders. * **Implement Containment Measures:** Take steps to prevent further spread of contamination, like covering the area with protective materials. * **Decontamination:** Plan and implement a decontamination procedure for affected equipment and areas. * **Health Effects:** Consult with experts on the potential health risks associated with the detected radiation levels and provide appropriate protective measures to individuals potentially exposed.