في عالم استكشاف وإنتاج النفط والغاز، تعد جمع البيانات الدقيقة والقياسات الدقيقة ذات أهمية قصوى. أداة حاسمة واحدة في هذا المسعى هي سجل الطوق، وهي تقنية تسجيل سلكية متخصصة تلعب دورًا حيويًا في مختلف مراحل التشغيل.
ما هو سجل الطوق؟
سجل الطوق هو سجل انحراف مغناطيسي مصمم لتحديد موقع عمق وصلات الأنابيب المشتملة على خيوط، المعروفة باسم الطوق، بدقة داخل آبار النفط. إنه في الأساس كاشف مغناطيسي شديد الحساسية يحدد التغيرات في شدة المجال المغناطيسي التي تسببها الأجسام المعدنية، مثل الطوق وأحذية الغلاف وغيرها من المكونات المعدنية.
كيف يعمل:
يستخدم سجل الطوق مسبارًا، يتم إنزاله في بئر النفط على سلك. يحتوي هذا المسبار على مقياس مغناطيسي يقيس التغيرات في المجال المغناطيسي. عندما يواجه المسبار طوقًا أو جسمًا معدنيًا آخر، فإنه يسجل تغييرًا كبيرًا في المجال المغناطيسي، مما يؤدي إلى ظهور قمة مميزة على سجل التسجيل.
تطبيقات سجلات الطوق:
تجد سجلات الطوق تطبيقات واسعة النطاق في جوانب مختلفة من عمليات النفط والغاز، بما في ذلك:
فوائد سجلات الطوق:
تقدم سجلات الطوق العديد من الفوائد لمشغلي النفط والغاز:
الاستنتاج:
أصبح سجل الطوق، بفضل قدرته على تحديد موقع المكونات المعدنية بدقة في آبار النفط، أداة لا غنى عنها لمهنيي النفط والغاز. تمتد تطبيقاته عبر مختلف مراحل التشغيل، مما يساهم في تحسين الكفاءة والدقة والسلامة في السعي لتحقيق أقصى قدر من الإنتاج واستعادة الموارد.
Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.
1. What is the primary purpose of a collar log?
a) To measure the temperature of the wellbore. b) To determine the type of formation encountered. c) To locate the depth of threaded pipe connections. d) To measure the pressure within the wellbore.
c) To locate the depth of threaded pipe connections.
2. How does a collar log detect collars?
a) By measuring the electrical conductivity of the wellbore. b) By emitting sound waves and analyzing the echoes. c) By measuring changes in the magnetic field strength. d) By analyzing the chemical composition of the fluid in the wellbore.
c) By measuring changes in the magnetic field strength.
3. Which of the following is NOT a typical application of collar logs?
a) Well completion. b) Production logging. c) Well intervention. d) Reservoir characterization.
d) Reservoir characterization.
4. What is a major benefit of using collar logs?
a) Reduced wellbore temperature. b) Increased wellbore pressure. c) Enhanced safety during well operations. d) Reduced cost of drilling operations.
c) Enhanced safety during well operations.
5. Collar logs are considered a vital tool because they provide:
a) Accurate measurement of wellbore depth. b) Identification of potential environmental hazards. c) Data for predicting oil and gas reserves. d) Information about the history of wellbore production.
a) Accurate measurement of wellbore depth.
Scenario:
You are working on a well completion project. The drilling crew has just finished running a 9 5/8" casing string to a depth of 10,000 feet. You need to verify the placement and depth of the casing string using a collar log.
Task:
**Steps involved in running a collar log:** 1. **Prepare the collar log sonde:** Ensure the sonde is calibrated and ready for deployment. 2. **Lower the sonde into the wellbore:** Use a wireline to carefully lower the sonde down the wellbore. 3. **Record the data:** As the sonde travels down the wellbore, the magnetometer continuously measures the magnetic field strength, and the data is recorded. 4. **Retrieve the sonde:** Once the sonde reaches the desired depth or the end of the casing string, retrieve it back to the surface. 5. **Analyze the data:** Review the recorded data to identify the locations of collars and other metal components. **Information expected on the collar log record:** * **Depth of each collar:** This will indicate the depth of each pipe joint. * **Collar spacing:** This will verify that the pipe sections were properly connected and that there are no missing or misaligned joints. * **Collar size and type:** The log can identify the size and type of collars used, which is important for well integrity and future interventions. **Implications of a discrepancy in casing depth:** * **Incorrect placement:** If the collar log indicates a shallower or deeper depth than expected, it could mean the casing was not run to the correct depth, potentially compromising the wellbore integrity. * **Missing or misaligned joints:** A gap in the collar log record may indicate a missing or misaligned pipe joint. * **Consequences:** Discrepancies in casing depth can lead to various issues, including: * **Production issues:** If the casing string is not placed correctly, it can impact production efficiency and potentially lead to leaks or wellbore damage. * **Safety hazards:** Incorrect casing placement can create unsafe conditions during future well operations, increasing the risk of accidents. * **Costly repairs:** Corrective actions might be necessary to address discrepancies in casing depth, leading to additional costs and delays in the project.
This chapter delves into the practical methods used to obtain accurate and reliable collar log data.
1.1 Wireline Logging:
1.2 Logging-While-Drilling (LWD):
1.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
1.4 Other Techniques:
1.5 Data Interpretation:
Conclusion: Choosing the appropriate collar log acquisition technique depends on the specific well conditions, operational requirements, and available resources. The combination of accurate data acquisition and skilled data interpretation is crucial for extracting the maximum value from collar logs.
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