علماء الفلك

Anaxagoras

أناكسيماندر: عالم الفلك الذي تجرّأ على التشكيك في الآلهة

أناكسيماندر، فيلسوف وعالم فلك يوناني، عاش من 500 إلى 428 قبل الميلاد. ولد في كلوزوميناي، أيونيا، وانتقل إلى أثينا وأصبح صديقًا مقربًا للسياسي القوي بيريكليس. اتضح أن هذه العلاقة كانت حاسمة لبقائه.

كان أناكسيماندر مفكرًا جريئًا تحدى وجهات النظر الدينية السائدة في عصره. تجرّأ على التأكيد أن الشمس، التي كانت تُعتبر إلهًا في السابق، كانت في الواقع "حجرًا مشتعلًا" أكبر من بيلوبونيس، شبه الجزيرة التي تقع فيها أثينا. واقترح أيضًا أن القمر، وهو جسم سماوي آخر يُعبَد كإلهة، لم يكن كرة مثالية بل كان به سهول ووديان وجبال، مثل الأرض.

أثارت هذه الأفكار الثورية، التي تباعدت عن الميثولوجيا اليونانية التقليدية، غضب الزعماء الدينيين وبعض المواطنين الأثينيين. اُتهم أناكسيماندر بالكفر وواجه محاكمة، مما قد يعرضه للإعدام بسبب معتقداته. ومع ذلك، بفضل نفوذ بيريكليس، تم نفيه من أثينا فقط.

على الرغم من أن آراء أناكسيماندر حول الشمس والقمر كانت خاطئة في النهاية، إلا أن أفكاره الرائدة مثلت تحولًا كبيرًا في الفكر الفلكي. من خلال اقتراحه بأن الأجرام السماوية ليست كائنات إلهية بل أجسام مادية تخضع للقوانين الطبيعية، مهد الطريق لفهم أكثر علمية للكون.

لا يمكن إنكار تأثيره على علماء الفلك اللاحقين. عملت نظرياته حول خصائص القمر الفيزيائية وطبيعة الشمس كخطوات لبناء عليها الأجيال القادمة. قصة أناكسيماندر شهادة على قوة الفضول الفكري الدائمة والشجاعة التي يتطلبها تحدي العقيدة الراسخة، حتى في مواجهة الاضطهاد.


Test Your Knowledge

Anaxagoras Quiz

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. Where was Anaxagoras born? (a) Athens (b) Clazomenae (c) Sparta (d) Alexandria

Answer

(b) Clazomenae

2. What was Anaxagoras's profession? (a) Poet (b) Sculptor (c) Philosopher and Astronomer (d) General

Answer

(c) Philosopher and Astronomer

3. What significant connection did Anaxagoras have with a powerful figure? (a) He was a close friend of the Emperor Augustus (b) He was the tutor of Plato (c) He was a close friend of the statesman Pericles (d) He was the advisor to Alexander the Great

Answer

(c) He was a close friend of the statesman Pericles

4. What was Anaxagoras's revolutionary idea about the Sun? (a) It was a ball of fire (b) It was a god (c) It was a blazing stone larger than the Peloponnesus (d) It was a chariot driven across the sky

Answer

(c) It was a blazing stone larger than the Peloponnesus

5. Why was Anaxagoras accused of impiety? (a) He denied the existence of gods (b) He claimed to be a god (c) He challenged the prevailing religious views about celestial bodies (d) He stole from the temple

Answer

(c) He challenged the prevailing religious views about celestial bodies

Anaxagoras Exercise

Imagine you are a young Athenian citizen living during the time of Anaxagoras. Write a short diary entry describing your thoughts and feelings about his controversial ideas. Consider what you think about his theories, how they might affect your beliefs, and how you feel about the potential consequences for him.

Exercise Correction

There is no single "correct" answer for this exercise. Here's an example of a possible diary entry:

"Today, I heard the most outrageous things! Anaxagoras, that strange philosopher, claims the Sun is not a god but just a blazing stone. And the Moon, a goddess we all worship, is just a plain, bumpy rock! I can't believe my ears! How dare he say such things? He claims the Sun is bigger than the Peloponnesus! Imagine! It's like the whole world is going to fall apart! Everyone is talking about it. Some are angry, others are scared. I don't know what to believe. They say he's been accused of impiety, but I hope nothing terrible happens to him. His words made me think, even if they are wrong, but they also made me fear the anger of the gods."


Books

  • A History of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to Aristotle by W.K.C. Guthrie - Provides a comprehensive overview of Anaxagoras' philosophy within the context of early Greek thought.
  • The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts by G.S. Kirk and J.E. Raven - This book includes detailed analysis and translations of Anaxagoras' surviving fragments.
  • Anaxagoras and the Birth of Scientific Thought by James G. Lennox - A dedicated work that examines Anaxagoras' contributions to the development of scientific thinking.
  • The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Philosophy edited by Charles Brittain - Offers essays on various aspects of ancient Greek philosophy, including a section on Anaxagoras.

Articles

  • "Anaxagoras: The Mind of the Universe" by David Sedley - An overview of Anaxagoras' ideas and their significance in the history of philosophy.
  • "Anaxagoras' Theory of Mind and the Nature of Nous" by Richard McKirahan - Focuses on Anaxagoras' concept of "Nous" and its role in his philosophy.
  • "The Influence of Anaxagoras on Later Astronomers" by Richard P. Brinkley - Discusses how Anaxagoras' theories impacted the development of astronomy.

Online Resources


Search Tips

  • "Anaxagoras" + "philosophy": Find articles and resources focusing on his philosophical ideas.
  • "Anaxagoras" + "astronomy": Explore his contributions to astronomy and the impact of his theories.
  • "Anaxagoras" + "fragments": Locate translated fragments of his writings that survive to this day.
  • "Anaxagoras" + "trial": Research the details of his trial for impiety and its historical significance.

Techniques

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